Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

Methane uptake in Swedish forest soil in relation to liming and extra N-deposition

Methane uptake to soil was examined in individual chambers at three small forest catchments with different treatments, Control, Limed and Nitrex sites, where N-deposition was experimentally increased. The catchments consisted of both well-drained forest and wet sphagnum areas, and showed uptake of CH₄ from the ambient air. The lowest CH₄ uptakes were observed in the wet areas, where the different treatments did not influence the uptake rate. In the well-drained areas the CH₄ uptakes were 1.6, 1.4 and 0.6 kg ha^–1 year^–1 for the Limed, Control and Nitrex sites, respectively. The uptake of methane at the well-drained Nitrex site was statistically smaller than at the other well-drained catchments. Both acidification and increase in nitrogen in the soil, caused by the air-borne deposition, are the probable cause for the reduction in the methane uptake potential. Uptake of methane was correlated to soil water content or temperature for individual chambers at the well-drained sites. The uptake rate of methane in soil cores was largest in the 0- to 10-cm upper soil layer. The concentration of CH₄ in the soil was lower than the atmospheric concentration up to 30 cm depth, where methane production occurred. Besides acting as a sink for atmospheric methane, the oxidizing process in soil prevents the release of produced methane from deeper soil layers reaching the atmosphere. Received: 27 September 1996     

Improvement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth in upland conditions with deep tillage and mulch

The productivity of upland rice in Japan as well as in the world is low and unstable owing to scarce and unpredictable rainfall. The objective of this study was to examine whether agronomic methods could enhance grain yield of upland rice. Four field experiments were conducted from 2001 to 2003 in Nishitokyo, Japan, under upland conditions with different water supplies, in order to quantify the effects of deep tillage combined with deep placement of manure (50-cm depth), straw mulch (6 t ha⁻¹), or their combinations on the growth and grain yield of rice. Mulch kept surface soil moisture higher than without mulch even at reproductive stage, and it increased yield to the greatest extent under the most favourable conditions with much rainfall before heading (i.e., 2003). Deep tillage with deep placement of manure induced deep root proliferation and higher nitrogen uptake, increasing biomass production, and panicle number, and consequently grain yield was enhanced under the two lowest yielding environments with less rainfall before heading. Rice plants with deep tillage with deep manure application without mulch tended to have lower leaf water potential and higher diffusion resistance during drought, and negative effects on grain filling and harvest index in some experiments compared with the control. When deep tillage with deep placement of manure was combined with mulching in two experiments in 2002 and 2003, grain yield always enhanced compared with the control (P < 0.10, 6.0 t ha⁻¹ versus 5.4 t ha⁻¹ on average), suggesting their synergetic mechanisms for yield increase and stabilization. The results showed that deep tillage or mulching can improve grain yield of rice under drought-prone rainfed upland conditions in a temperate climate on an Andosol, and their combination had more consistent and greater positive effects.     

Carbon mineralization is promoted by phosphorus and reduced by nitrogen addition in the organic horizon of northern hardwood forests

Limitations to the respiratory activity of heterotrophic soil microorganisms exert important controls of CO₂ efflux from soils. In the northeastern US, ecosystem nutrient status varies across the landscape and changes with forest succession following disturbance, likely impacting soil microbial processes regulating the transformation and emission of carbon (C). We tested whether nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) limit the mineralization of soil organic C (SOC) or that of added C sources in the Oe horizon of successional and mature northern hardwood forests in three locations in central New Hampshire, USA. Added N reduced mineralization of C from SOC and from added leaf litter and cellulose. Added P did not affect mineralization from SOC; however, it did enhance mineralization of litter- and cellulose- C in organic horizons from all forest locations. Added N increased microbial biomass N and K₂SO₄-extractable DON pools, but added P had no effect. Microbial biomass C increased with litter addition but did not respond to either nutrient. The direction of responses to added nutrients was consistent among sites and between forest ages. We conclude that in these organic horizons limitation by N promotes mineralization of C from SOC, whereas limitation by P constrains mineralization of C from new organic inputs. We also suggest that N suppresses respiration in these organic horizons either by relieving the N limitation of microbial biomass synthesis, or by slowing turnover of C through the microbial pool; concurrent measures of microbial growth and turnover are needed to resolve this question.     

基于SFLA和LSSVM的芹菜总黄酮含量的预测模型

利用混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)对最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的参数进行优化,建立了一种基于混合蛙跳算法和最小二乘支持向量机的芹菜总黄酮提取预测模型。仿真结果表明,该预测模型提高了预测精度,性能更加稳定,为芹菜总黄酮提取的在线预估和优化控制提供了可靠的技术参考。     

森林经营历史对林业发展的哲学思考

文章对森林经营及林业发展历史进行了简要总结及论述,并从5个方面探讨了森林经营历史对林业发展的启示:(1)森林资源的保护和林业的发展是矛盾与对立统一的辩证关系.(2)森林资源的保护和林业的发展应积极发挥人的主观能动性.(3)注重森林资源保护的客观普遍联系.(4)提升森林资源经营管理水平,推动林业快速有序的发展,是全社会所关注的主题,需要抓住矛盾的主要方面,探索保护森林资源最有效的途径.(5)世界各国应该互帮互助,共同发展世界林业,构建全球生态和谐.     

国际REDD+机制中森林生物多样性保护的策略

REDD+机制保护的热带森林是最具有生物多样性、复杂性的森林生态系统,因热带森林的破坏严重,所以其自然成为全球环境保护的重点.分析了国际REDD+机制中的森林生物多样性保护问题,研究了UNFCCC和CBD下的REDD+机制森林生物多样性保护,最后为克服技术和政治上的障碍,提出了若干国际REDD+机制中森林生物多样性保护的策略.     

长沙市桃花岭景区林相改造探析

针对桃花岭景区林相单一、季相变化不明显、空间利用不充分、群落结构简单、缺乏防护林,存在安全隐患等林相现状,提出2种林相改造模式:①人流集散处的植物配置改造:入口区以桃花为主题,搭配其他春季开花植物营造春天花海景观;园路两侧采用乔灌草多种搭配方式组合,营造富于变化的植物景观;溪流、水库周边种植耐水湿、观赏性高的乡土树种、开花或观叶地被植物及蕨类植物;服务用房区应结合建筑物东南西北不同的面进行植物配置.②山体林相改造:洪寺庵水库周边山体增种或补种秋色叶树种;腊八寺周边山体增种或补种耐水湿且观赏价值高的植物;临城市道路周围山体增种或补种当地常绿阔叶林的建群树种和秋色叶树种.最后对长沙市桃花岭景区的发展前景进行了展望.     

基于改进遗传算法的机器人路径规划与仿真

针对标准遗传算法解决机器人处于障碍环境下寻找最优路径局部寻优精度较差、规划效率低的问题,提出一种改进遗传算法的机器人路径规划方法。该算法采用一维编码表示路径, 构造了路径最优化的目标函数和适应度函数,利用多个种群拓宽搜索空间,提高了规划效率,采用保优选择策略,避免陷入局部最优。仿真结果表明,改进遗传算法比标准遗传算法路径规划质量高,能够获得平滑的低代价路径,稳定性好,是机器人路径规划的一种较好的方法,且具有一定的推广意义。     

Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases:a review (1970-2020)

Sustainable forest management is essential to confront the detrimental impacts of diseases on forest eco-systems.This review highlights the potential of vegetation spectroscopy in improving the feasibility of assessing forest disturbances induced by diseases in a timely and cost-effec-tive manner.The basic concepts of vegetation spectroscopy and its application in phytopathology are first outlined then the literature on the topic is discussed.Using several opti-cal sensors from leaf to landscape-level,a number of for-est diseases characterized by variable pathogenic processes have been detected,identified and quantified in many coun-try sites worldwide.Overall,these reviewed studies have pointed out the green and red regions of the visible spec-trum,the red-edge and the early near-infrared as the spectral regions most sensitive to the disease development as they are mostly related to chlorophyll changes and symptom develop-ment.Late disease conditions particularly affect the short-wave-infrared region,mostly related to water content.This review also highlights some major issues to be addressed such as the need to explore other major forest diseases and geographic areas,to further develop hyperspectral sensors for early detection and discrimination of forest disturbances,to improve devices for remote sensing,to implement long-term monitoring,and to advance algorithms for exploitation of spectral data.Achieving of these goals will enhance the capability of vegetation spectroscopy in early detection of forest stress and in managing forest diseases.