不同母质发育土壤的中红外吸收光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵区四种典型母质发育土壤(酸性紫色土、花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤),采集剖面(深至母岩/母质层)样品,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究灼烧去除有机质处理、土层深度和母质类型对土壤中红外吸收光谱特征的影响,分析吸收光谱与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,去除有机质后,特征区的中红外吸收值升高,反映矿物质对红外吸收谱线的强烈影响。在剖面上,底土(60~80 cm或100~120 cm)的中红外吸收值高于表土(0~20 cm),与土壤有机质含量的剖面分布相反。四种土壤的中红外光谱均属典型的高岭石图谱。砂粒、粘粒含量与红外吸收值的相关性最好,砂粒含量的最大相关系数(0.51)出现在3700、913和720~540 cm~(-1)附近,粘粒含量的最大相关系数(0.54)出现在1100~694 cm~(-1);本研究表明,原土的中红外吸收光谱特征主要受矿物质的支配,可以很好地反映土壤质地的状况,指示土壤质量变化。     

Silvicultural and reserve impacts on potential fire behavior and forest conservation: Twenty-five years of experience from Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests

Most administrators and ecologists agree that reducing the levels of hazardous fuels on forests is essential to restore healthy watersheds and protect adjacent human communities. The current debate over the appropriateness, technique, and timing of treatments utilized to restore vegetation structure and composition is currently on-going at local, state, and national levels. To provide information for these forums, the efficacy of seven traditional silvicultural systems and two types of reserves used in the Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests is evaluated in terms of vegetation structure, fuel bed characteristics, modeled fire behavior, and potential wildfire related mortality. The systems include old-growth reserve, young-growth reserve, thinning from below, individual tree selection, overstory removal, and four types of plantations. These are the most commonly used silvicultural systems and reserves on federal, state, and private lands in the western United States. Each silvicultural system or reserve had three replicates and varied in size from 15 to 25 ha; a systematic design of plots was used to collect tree and fuel information. The majority of the traditional silvicultural systems examined in this work (all plantation treatments, overstory removal, individual tree selection) did not effectively reduce potential fire behavior and effects, especially wildfire induced tree mortality at high and extreme fire weather conditions. Overall, thinning from below, and old-growth and young-growth reserves were more effective at reducing predicted tree mortality.     

投影寻踪技术在松嫩平原西部水资源可持续利用中的应用

根据松嫩平原西部水资源复合系统的特征和水资源条件,建立了区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系。应用投影寻踪技术,采用实码遗传算法优化投影指标函数,将方案多维评价指标值综合为一维投影值,根据投影值的大小实现方案的优选。研究表明,投影寻踪技术可以有效地解决权重的人为干扰,通过优化排序实现对评价结果的定量化表征。     

北京市八达岭林场森林健康经营研究

应用森林健康理论,分析得出威胁八达岭林场森林健康的主要因素为病虫害、森林火灾、森林组成以及林分结构不合理,森林粗放管理,气候干旱与雪折。提出了保护和恢复八达岭林场森林健康经营的目标与原则。研究认为,八达岭林场应构建地带性森林植被恢复,低质林分结构调整,生态疏伐,近自然化森林健康目标树经营,生态修复5种森林健康经营模式。通过八达岭森林健康项目区监测样地空间数据库、121个小班及其细班空间数据库的建立,结合所构建的具体模式,构建了八达岭森林健康示范区的240个细班经营模式。     

近红外光谱快速检测马铃薯全粉还原糖

还原糖含量是评价马铃薯全粉品质的重要指标之一,该文研究基于近红外光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机（least squares support vector machine,LSSVM）算法的马铃薯全粉还原糖含量非线性数学模型。采用移动窗口偏最小二乘法（moving windows partial least square,MWPLS）和连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）组合方法筛选出20个特征变量,作为LSSVM的输入向量。优化径向基函数（radial basis function,RBF）的惩罚因子和核参数,训练LSSVM校正模型。经比较,LSSVM校正模型预测结果最优,预测相关系数为0.984,预测标准差为0.223%,相对分析误差（standard deviation ratio,SDR）为5.62。结果表明：近红外光谱结合LSSVM算法提高了马铃薯全粉还原糖含量的预测精度。     

利用近红外高光谱图像技术快速鉴别西瓜种子品种

为了研究采用近红外高光谱图像技术对西瓜种子品种快速无损鉴别的可行性,该文采用近红外高光谱图像技术,通过提取西瓜种子的光谱反射率,结合Savitzky-Golay (SG)平滑算法,经验模态分解算法（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）和小波分析（wavelet transform,WT）对提取出的光谱数据进行去除噪声处理,采用连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和遗传-偏最小二乘法（genetic algorithm-partial least squares, GA-PLS）进行特征波长选择。基于全波段光谱建立了偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）,基于特征波长建立了反向传播神经网络（back-propagation neural network,BP NN)判别模型和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）判别模型。试验结果表明,基于特征波长的BPNN模型和ELM模型的结果优于基于全部波长的PLS-DA模型,基于SG预处理光谱提取的特征波长建立的ELM模型取得最优的判别效果,建模集和预测集的判别正确率均为100%。结果表明应用近红外高光谱成像技术对西瓜种子品种鉴别是可行的,为西瓜种子的品种快速鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

Physical extent,frequency, and intensity of phosphatase activity varies on soil profiles across a Douglas-fir chronosequence

In forest soils, the availability of phosphate is largely dependent on phosphatase activity. We used soil imprinting to compare in situ activity and fine-scale distribution of phosphatase on soil profiles located across forest chronosequences of four age classes young (5–6 yrs), canopy closure (24–30 yrs), stem exclusion (61–71 yrs), and older (90–103 yrs) of mixed Douglas-fir/paper birch stands regenerated after fire or clearcutting in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Chromatography paper treated with a mixture of substrate and colorimetric reagent was applied directly to vertical soil surfaces, accessed through root windows. Stands older than 61 years had both the highest level of in situ phosphatase activity and larger, more intense regions of activity. Bray-extractable phosphorus was negatively related to imprintable phosphatase activity. We compared the changes in phosphatase activity with differences in the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community that had been documented previously in the same stands. Of 84 ectomycorrhizal fungi found on roots in at least two of the stand-age classes, eight taxa were positively correlated and one taxon (Rhizopogon vinicolor/vesiculosus) negatively correlated with high phosphatase activity. The frequency of three taxa appeared to be positively correlated with larger areas of activity on the soil profiles. By using an imprinting approach, this study was able to demonstrate, for the first time, that in situ phosphatase activity and physical attributes of that activity (i.e., number, size, and relative rates of each area of activity) were related to concentrations of soil nutrients and with the frequency of individual ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲地表温度时空变化特征研究

采用单窗算法,利用1989年和2011年两期Landsat数据对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲的地表温度进行反演,并与实时陆面地表温度进行对比检验,其反演精确度分别为94.9%和95.9%。在此基础上,分析了不同时期渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲地表温度分布格局,并将反演的地表温度划分为6个等级:低温区9.9~13.9℃,次低温区13.9~19.9℃,中温区19.9~25.9℃,次高温区25.9~31.9℃,高温区31.9~37.9℃和极高温区37.9~41.9℃。通过两期图像的反演可以得出:（1）从时间尺度上来看:1989年的温度低于2011年,比2011年多一个低温区;2011年比1989年多出高温区和极高温区两个温度段,1989年和2011年的最低温和最高温的温度差分别为5.13℃和13.51℃;（2）从空间尺度上来看,各温度区间的分布范围发生了巨大变化;（3）由于戈壁、沙漠在日照下增温比绿洲快得多,因此,绿洲的温度基本符合中心低,四周高的“冷岛”现象。此研究对进一步理解渭干河—库车河土壤—植被—大气系统能量交换状况具有重要意义。     

基于蚁群算法鲜活农产品配送路径优化研究

通过构建时间惩罚函数和变质函数建立了针对鲜活农产品配送路径优化模型。运用改进的最大最小蚂蚁算法来求解该问题。最后通过一个实例验证以上模型以及算法可以有效地优化鲜活农产品配送路线。     

Research and Design of Simulative System of Elevators Based on Java

设计了控制电梯运行的调度算法;其次,采用面向对象语言编写程序模拟电梯运行,其中使用双缓冲技术来解决电梯图片在刷新过程中出现的闪烁现象;最后,测试该系统的正确性和合理性。