Comparison of environmental conditions in two representative oyster farming areas: Hiroshima Bay,western Japan and Oginoham a Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay), northern Japan

ABSTRACT:   Sea water environmental conditions over annual cycles were investigated and compared between two oyster farming areas, western Hiroshima Bay and Oginohama Bay (a branch of Ishinomaki Bay) in Miyagi Prefecture, to appropriately manage oyster culture or more efficiently utilize farming areas. The environmental parameters of temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations (NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₄–N, PO₄–P, and SiO₂–Si) and size-fractionated chlorophyll- a (<0.2, 2–20, >20µm), and abundances of microzooplankton were measured in each bay at the surface, and 2 and 5 m depth layers. Differences in the annual mean values and results with monthly paired Student's t -tests showed that salinity was lower, and temperature, nutrient (especially PO₄–P) and chlorophyll- a concentrations, and abundance of microzooplankton, were higher in Hiroshima Bay than in Oginohama Bay. Differences in environmental conditions between inshore and offshore areas of each bay suggest that inflows of river water in western Hiroshima Bay and sea water from offshore had the most significant effects on the environmental conditions. It is concluded that such oceanographic and biological differences strongly affect the oyster farming system, especially regarding the optimum usage of offshore areas in Summer under clean, cold and stable seawater conditions, rather than food quantity in Hiroshima Bay, and under more abundant food conditions in Oginohama Bay.     

乳山湾东流区海水营养盐消长与盐度的关系

利用数理统计的方法，对乳山湾东流区６－９月间的水化学，水文和生物观测数据进行处理，结果表明６－９月间硝酸盐与盐度有着极显著的负相关关系，６月和９月亚硝酸盐和氮氨与盐度呈显著性相关，而７月和８月养殖高峰期间呈弱相关关系。     

Microcystin production during algal bloom occurrence in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines

ABSTRACT:   The amount of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa bloom was investigated during the rainy season of 1999 in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines. Bloom samples taken from the West Bay and East Cove stations of the lake were studied in relation to the characteristics of environmental conditions. Four types of microcystins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), 6(Z)-Adda-microcystin-RR, and 3-desmethylmicrocystin-LR were identified from the natural bloom samples among which MC-LR was the most dominant type of microcystin. Production of microcystin (88.6 µg/100 mg dried cells) was highest during the first sampling week that coincided with high water transparency and high conductivity. The occurrence of a strong typhoon during the second sampling week had changed the environment drastically, which was characterized by low water transparency, high turbidity, low water temperature, and with trace amounts of MC-LR detected at the East Cove station. Thus, toxin production over time as well as the relationship between Microcystis production and toxin concentration could not be fully evaluated.     

象山港放流虾群亲虾的产卵回归和生物学性状

象山港放流对虾主群在浙江岛礁外侧海区越冬后,翌年春随着温度回升逐步向沿岸回归,回归路线大致与浙江海岸线垂直,主群出现在象山港口的六横南部及三门湾口部海域。少量亲虾在港内越冬。亲虾的交配率达99.7%,性腺发育正常,体长组成与黄渤海亲虾一致。为浙江近海自然繁殖提供了优质的亲虾基础。     

Waterfowl-habitat associations during winter in an urban North Atlantic estuary

Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r² = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r² = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries.     

Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates for marine habitat mapping at scales relevant to management

Habitat mapping at the scale at which marine protected areas are designed and managed is essential for assessment of, and design for, representation. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 s of km) was tested in a remote video survey of macrobenthos in Moreton Bay, Australia. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity (abiotically similar but biologically distinct) and false heterogeneity (abiotically distinct but biologically similar) were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps, and quantified using two separate methods. Overall, the best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20% and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon/surrogate correlations significant. Abiotic variables did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in marine protected areas. Little confidence can be placed in marine habitat classifications based solely or largely on abiotic surrogates without calibration by rigorous biological surveys at the appropriate scale. Therefore, it is questionable whether marine protected areas designed on this basis can have measurable benefits for conservation.     

唐岛湾网箱养殖对水环境的影响

2004-08～2005-05分4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水环境进行了现场调查，分析讨论了网箱养殖对水环境的影响。结果表明，唐岛湾网箱养殖对海水的水温、盐度、透明度、DO、pH的影响不显著，对叶绿素a浓度的影响显著（t-test，P〈0.05）。养殖区CODMn虽然也显著高于对照点，但主要受陆源污染的影响，与网箱养殖关系不大。养殖区和对照点海水中无机氮的主要形态均以NO^3--N为主，其次是NH^4＋-N，NO2^--N最少，DIN、3种形态无机氮、无机磷的季节变化趋势也比较一致。除了NH^4＋-N外，唐岛湾网箱养殖对溶解态无机氮磷营养盐（NO3^--N、NO2^--N、DIN、PO4^3--P）的影响并不显著（t-test，P〉0.05），但养殖区内的含量比对照点有了一定程度的升高。以DIN和PO4^3--P作为N、P阈值来分析，目前唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水质未超出二类水质标准。唐岛湾网箱养殖区海水各季节的营养指数E值均小于1，表明养殖区的水质状况尚未达到富营养化水平。     

环渤海湾地区主要梨园树体矿质营养元素状况研究

 以叶片矿质营养元素含量作为树体营养诊断的依据,对环渤海湾地区有代表性的203个梨园树体矿质营养状况及相应土壤养分状况进行了研究,结果表明：（1）该地区81% ~ 97%的梨园叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量处于适宜状态,26% ~ 40%的梨园叶片N、K、Zn含量偏低。（2）除Mg、Zn外,不同梨树品种间叶片中矿质营养含量差异明显。与其它品种相比,苹果梨N、P含量较高,而K含量偏低;莱阳茌梨N含量较低,而P、K含量较高;砀山酥梨N、P、K含量均偏低。（3）初步筛选出N/P、Mg/P、Zn/P、K/Mg、Ca/Mg、Zn/Mg作为该地区梨园营养诊断与施肥建议综合法的营养诊断参数,低产梨园各元素需肥顺序大致为Mg > P > Ca > K > Zn > N > Fe。（4）土壤pH与梨树叶片中Ca、Mg含量呈极显著正相关,与Zn呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质含量与梨树叶片中N、Mg含量呈极显著正相关;叶片N、K、Ca、Mg、Zn含量与其所对应的土壤有效态养分均呈极显著或显著正相关。     

影响香溪河库湾不同时期叶绿素a浓度的相关因子分析

三峡上游梯级水库蓄水发电后,三峡水库支流库湾水华情势有显著不同。为弄清新情势下影响三峡水库支流库湾水华的影响因素,于2015年对香溪河库湾开展了为期一年的跟踪监测研究。结果表明：叶绿素a浓度季节性变化显著,夏季最高,春秋季次之,冬季最低,全年平均值为14.38μg/L,变化范围为0.36μg/L ~108.00μg/L；春季,叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、混合层深度表现为正相关,与浊度总氮、总氮溶解性硅、真光层深度表现为负相关；夏季,叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、滞留时间、混合层深度表现正相关,而与总氮表现为负相关；秋季,叶绿素a浓度与水温、混合层深度表现正相关,与浊度、溶解性硅、真光层深度表现负相关；冬季,叶绿素a与溶解性硅表现为负相关,与其他环境因子具有一定的相关性,但相关性不显著。总氮、总磷和叶绿素a的浓度水平均指示香溪河水体处于富营养化状态。     

“中信红树湾”生态景观水池水质维护系统的设计

为探寻人工湖的水质维护问题,以"中信红树湾"生态景观水池为研究对象,着重探讨了水质维护中的主要工艺设计要点,以期为典型人工湖水质维护系统的设计提供参考。