败酱草挥发性化学成分研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取白花败酱草挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对白花败酱草挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定。结果分离并鉴定出51个组分,占峰面积的95.77%,并用峰面积归一化法测定了各成分的质量分数;其主要挥发性成分为:2-甲基-5-乙基呋喃(50.97%),其次是己二硫醚(9.47%)、1-己硫醇(6.97%)、紫苏醛(3.65%)、律草烷-1,6二烯-3-醇(2.65%)、(Z,E)-à-法呢烯(2.62%)、反-石竹烯(2.41%)、亚麻酸甲酯(2.03%)、紫苏醇(1.63%)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(1.43%)、樟脑(1.21%)、à-雪松醇(1.16%)、邻苯二甲酸单-2-乙基酯(1.07%)、冰片(1.06%)、6-氨基异喹啉(1.03%)。     

麦类作物DNA原位杂交及其在远缘杂种染色体分析中的应用

 应用生物素标记的物种基因组DNA探针和克隆的专化性探针，对六倍体小黑麦双二倍体及其杂种和八倍体小麦簇毛麦双二倍体及其杂种进行了染色体DNA原位杂交。结果表明，应用这两种探针均可以准确地检测出小麦远缘杂种中的异源染色体和染色体片段。先后对二个六倍体小黑麦双二倍体（Badger、M#-2A）、一个八倍体小簇麦双二倍体、三个小黑麦易位系（宁麦8026、Amigo、Apollo）、一个小黑麦代换系（84056）和二个小簇麦附加系（94009-5-4、94009-5-9）进行原位杂交和异源染色体的检测，均获得较好的结果。此外，还讨论了应用生物素标记的探针进行原位杂交可能出现的一些技术问题。     

硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体及其双亲叶片解剖结构的比较

本文对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)及其杂种双二倍体的叶片解剖结构及光合特性进行观察。结果表明,杂种双二倍体与亲本硬粒小麦、簇毛麦相比,在气孔分布、气孔大小、叶绿体大小、叶肉细胞形态等方面均表现为中间型,略偏于光合速率较高的母本硬粒小麦。在叶片厚度上表现出超亲现象。与普通小麦宁麦三号相比,杂种双二倍体的各项与光合有关的解剖性状均接近。     

Characterization of RAPD Markers, and the RFLP Marker Linked to Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene Derived from Different Accessions of H. villosa

The analysis was carried out on performance of the resistance gene from Haynaldia villosa accession of the former Soviet Union to different isolates of Bluemerie graminis. Polymorphisms were revealed between 6D/6V substitution line Pm930640and its pedigree parents using five RAPD markers of OPAN031700, OPAI017oo, OPAL03750, OPAD07480 and OPAG1558oscreened out from 120 random 10-mers primers. Three RAPD markers of OPAN03, OPAI01 and OPAL03 were linked with the resistance gene by analysis of F2 population of Chancellor×Pm930640. Analysis of 29 wheat lines including part of lines conferring the known genes from Pm1 to Pm20 respectively, lines conferring resistance gene from two H. villosaaccessions and the related wheat parents, were analyzed and the results showed that these markers not only linked to thegene resistant to powdery mildew from H. villosa, but also detected different genetic backgrounds. OPAL03750 can beused as the marker to distinguish the different resistant lines from two H. villosa accessions because it was only observedin the materials from H. villosa of the former Soviet Union. RFLP analysis also showed the polymorphisms between twoH. villosa accessions and their derived resistant lines.     

绵麦37及其衍生小麦品种(系)的6VS/6AL易位染色体结构演变

绵麦37是四川小麦育种的骨干亲本,含6VS/6AL易位染色体,高抗白粉病。为了明确6VS/6AL在其衍生品种中的传递情况,本研究利用寡核苷酸探针和ND-FISH技术对内麦8号、绵麦37的衍生品种(系)和部分相关亲本共17份材料进行了分析。结果表明,内麦8号、绵麦37及其9个衍生品种(系)都含有1对6VS/6AL易位染色体,其中内麦8号、绵麦37、绵麦51、绵麦285、绵麦1416、绵麦1419和绵麦1618的6AL长臂上带有寡核苷酸探针Oligo-713的信号,而其余4个衍生品种(系)的6VS/6AL染色体无该探针信号,说明绵麦37衍生品种(系)中的6VS/6AL染色体出现了新型结构变异。根据系谱和其他亲本的ND-FISH分析结果可以推测,这种结构变异是由6VS/6AL易位染色体与小麦6A染色体在长臂上发生重组交换引起的。     

翻压接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子对植烟土壤肥力的影响

为探究翻压接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子对植烟土壤酶活性及微生物数量等的影响,在烤烟地冬闲时种植接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子(VR)与不接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子(V),并预留不种苕子的冬闲地(CK)。紫花苕子初花期时(生育期187 d)采集植株测定其生物学性状及养分含量,然后全部翻压回田,45 d后种植烤烟。烤烟种植时,冬闲地按照广元烟草公司推荐施肥量,即全量施肥(CF);不接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子翻压并减少20%施肥量(V-20%CF);接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子翻压并减少20%施肥量(VR-20%CF)。烤烟种植前及收获后,采集土壤测定理化性状、酶活性及微生物数量。结果表明:1) 接种根瘤菌能增加紫花苕子的生物量及养分含量,相比不接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子,鲜草产量、干草产量、根产量、总瘤数、株高增加1.3%~50.7%;全氮、全磷、全钾含量增加1.8%~5.0%;氮磷钾积累量增加14.3%~21.5%。2) 测定种烟前土壤可知,翻压接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子能更有效地增加土壤养分含量及微生物数量,与冬闲地比较,全氮、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾增加2.5%~126.6%;蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性增加14.6%~82.5%;细菌、放线菌、真菌增加85.3%~236.9%。测定收烟后土壤可知,减少20%施肥量的情况下,翻压接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子能够增加土壤养分含量及微生物数量,与全量施肥比较,全氮、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾增加12.3%~64.1%;蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性增加5.4%~67.0%;细菌、放线菌、真菌数量增加65.1%~473.3%。在减少20%施肥量的情况下,翻压接种根瘤菌的紫花苕子能够更有效地培肥地力,改善土壤环境,对实现烟叶生产可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

簇毛麦1V染色体臂的EST STS标记的开发与应用

为了给小麦远缘亲本的研究和利用提供参考,根据已定位于普通小麦1DS和1BL上的EST序列设计96对STS引物,对中国春、簇毛麦、中国春-簇毛麦的1V附加系和易位系进行多态性分析,开发出4个簇毛麦1V染色体臂的STS标记。其中,BE499250-STS和BE591682-STS/RsaⅠ为共显性标记,可以扩增出1条1VS片段,同时还可以扩增出1条1DS片断,能将1DS和1AS、1BS区分开来;BE581358-STS/HaeⅢ和BE585781-STS/RsaⅠ是显性标记,能分别扩增出2条和1条1VL片段,但扩增的小麦染色体片段不能区分1DL和1A、1B。这些标记已成功地应用于小麦-簇毛麦整臂互补易位系T1DL.1V#3S和T1DSo1V.3L的筛选。     

Development of EST-PCR Markers for the Chromosome 4V of Haynaldia villosa and Their Application in Identification of 4V Chromosome Structural Aberrants

EST-PCR based molecular markers specific for alien chromosomes are not only useful for the detection of the introgressed alien chromatin in the wheat background, but also provide evidence of the syntenic relationship between homoeologous chromosomes. In the present study, in order to develop high density and evenly distributed molecular markers on chromosome 4V of Haynaldia villosa, a total of 607 primer pairs were designed according to the EST sequences, which were previously located in 23 different bins of wheat chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D. By using the Triticum durum-H, villosa amphiploid and T. aestivum-H, villosa alien chromosome lines involving chromosome 4V, it was found that 9.23% of the tested primers could amplify specific bands for chromosome 4V. Thirty and twenty-six specific markers could be assigned to chromosome arms 4VS and 4VL, respectively. These 4V specific markers provided efficient tools for the characterization of structural variation involving the chromosome 4V as well as for the selection of useful genes located on chromosome 4V in breeding programs.     

麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式的比较研究

[目的]对麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式进行比较研究。[方法]介绍了麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式。在经济效益方面,将该模式与单种1季小麦模式进行了比较;分析了该模式的社会、生态效益,并预测了其应用前景。[结果]与单种1季小麦模式相比,麦前复种毛叶苕子技术模式收益率增加94.6%;该模式提高了土壤肥力和农田经济效益,缓解了饲草料缺乏,具有广阔的应用前景。[结论]该研究为麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式的推广提供了理论依据。     

簇毛麦6V染色体短臂特异性EST标记的开发及缺失定位

为了准确鉴定簇毛麦6VS易位染色体小片段的长度和断点位置,根据定位于小麦第6部分同源群染色体短臂不同区段的EST序列,利用PRIMER5.0软件设计PCR引物,成功开发出3个对6V染色体短臂特异的分子标记(CINAU89-740、CINAU90-730、CINAU91-390)。利用小麦和簇毛麦第六部分同源群染色体短臂的12个缺失系对簇毛麦6VS的8个特异性分子标记进行了定位。标记CINAU88-381、CINAU17-1086、CINAU15-902分别被定位在FL值为0.79~0.99、0.58~1.00、0.46~0.58的染色体区段,标记CI-NAU91-390、CINAU90-730、CINAU16-1650被定位在FL值为0.35~0.45的染色体区段,标记CINAU18-723、CINAU89-740被定位在FL值为0.00~0.45的染色体区段。利用这8个分子标记可以更准确地鉴定6VS小片段易位的断点和片段长度。