Effect of dietary synbiotic on growth performance,body composition,digestive enzyme activity and gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings

A feeding trial of 60 days was conducted to delineate the effect of dietary synbiotic on maximum growth, body composition, digestive enzyme activity and subsequently gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. One hundred and eighty acclimatized fingerlings of mrigal with initial body weight ranging from 2.87 ± 0.01 g to 3.26 ± 0.05 g were randomly distributed in three replicates of each of four experimental groups including control (without probiotic and prebiotic), T₁ (high probiotic + low prebiotic), T₂ (low probiotic + high prebiotic) and T₃ (high probiotic + high prebiotic), using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that growth performance parameters, such as specific growth rate (SGR), per cent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were reported to be higher in the T₂ group followed by the T₃ group. Maximum gut microbiota activity was found in the T₃ group which was significantly different from other treatment groups. Similarly, body composition and digestive enzyme activity varied significantly (p < .05) among the treatment groups. The study showed the possibility of improved nutrient utilization in terms of growth performance and digestive enzyme activity in the group following dietary synbiotic supplementation.     

青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖机理研究

对青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖的动力学行为进行了探讨,同时对青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖时各组分的变化规律及代谢产物进行了研究.结果表明,青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖48 h后,总糖质量浓度从最初的5.00g/L降至3.59g/L,菌体质量浓度从0.10g/L上升至0.35g/L,培养体系的pH值从7.00降至4.75.青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖时,首先代谢木二糖至木五糖组分,此后,其分泌的α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶将低聚木糖组分中的阿拉伯糖基侧链水解释放,并作为青春双歧杆菌的碳源.代谢过程中,青春双歧杆菌还能分泌β-D-木糖苷酶作用于低聚木糖的末端,释放出木糖,最终导致木糖在培养体系中累积.代谢产物分析结果显示,青春双歧杆菌代谢低聚木糖的代谢产物主要有乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸.     

Effect of a prebiotic on performance of partridge

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a prebiotic on performance of partridge. The experiment was carried out with a total of eighty‐day‐old male Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar chukar) chicks in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of a control and an experimental treatment, and each treatment was replicated four times with 10 chicks per replicate. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks with a starter period (0–8 weeks) and a grower period (9–16 weeks). The control group was fed the basal diet, while the experimental group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.18% prebiotic Aspergillus meal in each period. Performance parameters included body weight gain, cumulative feed consumption and cumulative FCR and were recorded at biweekly intervals. Carcass characteristics and blood parameters were measured at the end of the experiment (week 16). Although the results showed that prebiotic had no significant effect on body weight gain and cumulative feed conversion ratio; however, the supplementation of Aspergillus meal significantly (p < 0.05) decreased cumulative feed consumption. Also prebiotic significantly increased percentages of breast and gastrointestinal tract, decreased percentage of back‐neck, decreased blood triglyceride and total cholesterol content and increased blood calcium content. From this study, it was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.18% Aspergillus meal might offer beneficial effects on partridge feed consumption, carcass quality and blood cholesterol.     

不同年份陈皮多糖的益生元活性比较

以不同年份的陈皮为研究对象,分析比较了其中水溶性多糖的性质和益生元活性。研究发现,与一年陈皮相比,五年和十年陈皮多糖的酯化度显著减低;体外培养实验表明五年和十年陈皮多糖的添加可以促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的增殖,同时产生大量的乙酸和少量的丁酸。结果表明五年以上的陈皮水溶性多糖对肠道菌群具有调节作用,是一种潜在的益生元。     

Soluble arabinoxylans extracted from soft and hard wheat show a differential prebiotic effect in vitro and in vivo

Arabinoxylans (AX) are part of dietary fiber. They are currently under study due to their potential prebiotic effect. Wheat whole grain flours contain all the grain layers and, therefore, present a higher arabinoxylan content than white flour. It is known that the chemical structure of these compounds varies with the type of wheat cultivar and the tissue from which they are extracted. In this work, water soluble extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AX) from two types of wheat whole flours (hard and soft) were extracted. We characterized the molecular size distribution and the potential prebiotic effect of those extracts. The prebiotic effect was evaluated in vitro and confirmed in vivo. Bacterial group abundance (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Bacteriodes and total bacteria) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The molecular size of AX from hard wheats was significantly higher than AX from soft wheats. Both extracts showed potential prebiotic activity by increasing the growth of beneficial bacteria in vitro and in vivo, decreasing the pathogens in the profile of intestinal microorganisms and increasing the amount of short chain fatty acids in the intestine. WE-AX from hard wheat showed a higher prebiotic activity. Prebiotic effect assessed in vitro and in vivo assays showed a significant correlation between both types of analysis. This finding suggests that the in vitro indices performed allow predicting the potential prebiotic effect in vivo.     

Effects of dietary microbial levan on growth performance,RNA/DNA ratio and some physio‐biochemical responses of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles

Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric semi‐purified diets were prepared with different levels of microbial levan: control (Basal), T1 (Basal + 2.5 g kg^?1 diet), T2 (Basal + 5 g kg^?1 diet), T3 (Basal + 7.5 g kg^?1 diet), T4 (Basal + 10 g kg^?1 diet) and T5 (Basal + 12.5 g kg^?1 diet), fed to six groups of fish in triplicate tanks. The results of the 60 days feeding trail showed that supplementation of dietary levan significantly affected the weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the treatment groups fed at 10 g kg^?1 or more levan. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) value and highest survival percentage among levan fed groups were observed with 12.5 g kg^?1 incorporation (T5) and was comparable with (T4) group. Significant increase in muscle RNA level and RNA/DNA ratio was observed with the increasing dietary levan. Fish fed 12.5 g kg^?1 levan had significantly higher protease, amylase and lipase activities compare with the control group. Lowest Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the liver and muscle was observed in the T5 group fed with highest level of dietary levan. Overall results conclude that dietary microbial levan incorporation at 12.5 g kg^?1 could be used as potent dietary prebiotic for the culture of L. rohita juveniles.     

Effect of a Lactobacillus Species-Based Probiotic and Dietary Lactose Prebiotic on Turkey Poult Performance With or Without Salmonella Enteritidis Challenge

To evaluate the effect of a probiotic culture in combination with dietary lactose as a prebiotic, 2 experiments were performed. Treated poults (Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic culture) received dietary lactose (0.1%) continuously in the feed and probiotic culture (~10⁶ cfu/mL) in the drinking water. Controls received no treatments. Three hundred twenty selected female poults were tagged and randomly divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates each (n = 40). In experiment 1, poults were challenged with ~10⁴ cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis; however, in experiment 2, no challenge was provided to poults. Body weight was evaluated on d 1, 7, and 14 (experiment 1, trial 1 and 2, experiment 2, trial 3) and on d 1, 8, and 18 (experiment 2, trial 4). Body weight and FCR were significantly (P < 0.05) improved by treatment in Salmonella-challenged poults (trials 1 and 2). In contrast, unchallenged turkey poults (trials 3 and 4) showed no difference (P > 0.05) in either BW or FCR. These data suggest that dietary lactose with appropriate probiotic organisms may enhance performance of poults following a mild pathogenic challenge.     

Comparative study on immunomodulatory and growth enhancing effects of three prebiotics (galactooligosaccharide,fructooligosaccharide and inulin) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study investigated the effects of different prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharide (GOS), fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin (INL), on skin mucosal immune parameters, humoral immune responses as well as performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Two hundred and forty specimens (13.85 ± 0.85 g) were stocked in 12 fibreglass tanks assigned into three treatments and a control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have equal level (2%) of the prebiotics. At the end of the feeding trial, the highest skin mucus lysozyme activities and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) were observed in GOS‐fed group (P < 0.05). However, skin mucus protease activity showed no significant difference among different dietary groups (P < 0.05). Blood respiratory burst activity was significantly increased in all prebiotic‐fed fish compared to the control group (P < 0.05); the highest activity was observed in GOS treatment. Furthermore, evaluation of humoral immune response revealed that feeding with GOS‐supplemented diet significantly increased lysozyme and alternative complement (ACH50) activity as well as total Ig compared to the control and other prebiotic groups. While no significant difference was observed between FOS and INL groups, common carps fed GOS‐supplemented displayed improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control treatment. These results revealed that different prebiotics modulate carp growth and immune response in different manner, and GOS seems to be the most suitable prebiotic.     

The study of antioxidant enzymes and immune‐related genes expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings fed different prebiotics

The aim of the present study was to study the effects of different prebiotics (galacto‐, fructooligosaccharide and inulin) on immune response and oxidative stress of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings at the molecular level. A total number of 240 fish (13.85 ± 0.85 g) were supplied and randomly stocked in twelve fiberglass tanks (20 specimens per tank). Fish were fed a basal formulated diet (Control) or basal diet supplemented with equal level (2%) of different prebiotics (four treatments repeated in triplicated) for 8 weeks. At the end of feeding trial, the expression of immune‐related genes (interleukin 1 beta [IL‐1β], IL‐8, IL‐10, lysozyme [LYZ], tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α] and transforming growth factor beta [TGF‐β]) were determined in head kidney and intestine tissues and the expression of antioxidant‐related genes (glutathione S‐transferase [GST‐α], glutathione reductase [GR] and glutathione peroxidase genes [GPX]) were studied in intestine. The results revealed that dietary administration of prebiotics modulated the expression of immune‐related genes and the degree of expression was affected by the type of prebiotics and the organ that was used for analyses. Also, evaluation of antioxidant genes expression showed that GSTα and GR expression levels increased as a result of feeding common carp with the prebiotics. According to these findings, it can be concluded that feeding on different prebiotics had altered effects on the expression of immune and antioxidant‐related genes.     

热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响

【目的】 研究热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响,为高品质龙眼果干工业化节能干燥模式提供理论依据。【方法】 以热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥龙眼果干为对照,比较分析热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干水分含量、水分活度、皱缩率、复水比等理化特性和总糖、多糖等营养品质的影响。同时采用GC-MS测定风味物质变化,电量表测定能源消耗量。并选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵龙眼果干,比较发酵过程中活菌数、总糖、还原糖以及短链脂肪酸的变化,评价热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对龙眼体外益生活性的影响。【结果】 热风-真空冷冻联合干燥龙眼果干的水分含量、水分活度和皱缩率显著低于热风干燥,而复水比显著高于热风干燥。在总糖、多糖含量以及挥发性风味物质种类和总量上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥低于真空冷冻干燥而高于热风干燥。在能源消耗上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥比真空冷冻干燥节约干燥时间12.16%,节约单位能耗25.40%。在益生活性方面,植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均能通过发酵龙眼干增加活菌数量,利用龙眼干中的总糖产生短链脂肪酸,降低发酵液pH,且益生效果受干燥方式和菌株种类的影响较大。当植物乳杆菌发酵热风-真空冷冻干燥的龙眼果干48 h后,活菌数生长最多可达12.40 lg cfu/mL,高于真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和新鲜龙眼。嗜酸乳杆菌发酵48 h后,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥活菌数达11.84 lg cfu/mL,与真空冷冻干燥接近,低于热风干燥,但高于新鲜龙眼。【结论】 热风-真空冷冻联合干燥结合了热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种干燥方式的特点,可以显著缩短干燥时间,节约能耗,提高干燥效率和果干品质。