Dietary Fucoxanthin Increases Metabolic Rate and Upregulated mRNA Expressions of the PGC-1alpha Network,Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Fusion Genes in White Adipose Tissues of Mice

The mechanism for how fucoxanthin (FX) suppressed adipose accumulation is unclear. We aim to investigate the effects of FX on metabolic rate and expressions of genes related to thermogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis and homeostasis. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, four groups of mice were respectively fed a high sucrose (50% sucrose) or a high-fat diet (23% butter + 7% soybean oil) supplemented with or without 0.2% FX. FX significantly increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. The mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effecter a (CIDEA), PPARα, PPARγ, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) were significantly upregulated in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and epididymal WAT (eWAT) by FX. Mitochondrial biogenic genes, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2, were increased in eWAT by FX. Noticeably, FX upregulated genes of mitochondrial fusion, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mfn2 and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), but not mitochondrial fission, Fission 1, in both iWAT and eWAT. In conclusion, dietary FX enhanced the metabolic rate and lowered adipose mass irrespective of the diet. These were associated with upregulated genes of the PGC-1α network and mitochondrial fusion in eWAT and iWAT.     

铁皮石斛枫斗加工前后差异成分比较

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的传统功效为益胃生津、滋阴清热,在降血糖方面具有较好的作用。前期研究发现,与铁皮石斛鲜条相比,枫斗的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率更高,且枫斗中化学成分种类丰富。为明确铁皮石斛枫斗与鲜条的差异性成分,阐明铁皮石斛加工成枫斗的科学内涵,本研究利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-QTOF-MS)在正离子模式下采集二者的代谢物信息,通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等算法挖掘差异性化合物,并利用质谱碎片、数据库比对等方式鉴定差异性成分,最后采用聚类分析方法研究差异性成分在铁皮石斛枫斗和鲜条中的含量变化规律。经过筛选和鉴定共得到16种差异性化合物,其中柚皮素、4,4'-二羟基-3,5-二甲基联苄、诺比林A、石斛酚等12种黄酮、联苄类化合物在枫斗中含量较高,而α-亚麻酸、L-苯丙氨酸、草质素等4种脂肪酸、氨基酸类化合物在鲜条中含量较高,这些差异性成分可能是潜在的铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖功能成分。本研究结果为阐明铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖物质基础提供了数据支撑,对进一步促进铁皮石斛精深加工具有重要意义。     

长江和闽江长体鳜遗传多样性的 细胞色素b全序列分析

对长江水系中江西都昌和闽江水系中福建建瓯2 个群体23 尾长体鳜细胞色素b 全基因的1 141 bp 序 列进行分析,发现15 个变异位点,其中简约信息位点7 个,共有13 个单倍型,总体单倍型多样度（Hd）和核苷酸多态 度（Pi）分别为0.933（依0.030）和0.00241（依0.030）,呈现出高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的特点。中性检验结果显 示Fu爷s Fs为显著负值,核苷酸不配对分析呈现单峰分布,表明长体鳜在历史上经历过种群扩张事件,推测扩张年代 约为6 万年前,为更新世晚期。在邻接树和简约性网络图中不同地理来源的单倍型交错分布,群体间的Fst 和Nm 值 分别为0.06667 和3.5。AMOVA 分析表明,长体鳜群体内遗传差异（95.17%）大于群体间（4.83%）遗传差异,遗传变异 主要是集中在群体内部,表明都昌和建瓯的长体鳜群体间没有出现明显遗传分化,可作为一个管理保护单位。     

一种适用于双向电泳的家蚕微孢子虫总蛋白的制备方法

本文对适用于双向电泳的微孢子虫总蛋白提取方法进行了探讨。研究表明，采用液氮多次冻融结合手工研磨，再用裂解液抽提的方法能够得到产率较高且适用于双向电泳的家蚕微孢子虫总蛋白。     

Interaction of bovine immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) with staphylococcal protein A: evidence for IgG2a and IgG2b sub-subclasses in the bovine

The reactivity of bovine IgG with protein A is confusing with respect to which of the bovine IgG class and subclasses are reactive. We have, therefore, re-examined the interaction of bovine immunoglobulins with protein A. The results presented in this paper indicated that at pH 8.0 protein A binds only immunoglobulin of the IgG2 subclass. The bound IgG2 can be readily recovered from an immobilized protein A column at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the antigenic IgG2 eluted demonstrated two charged species which could readily be separated by ion-exchange chromatography. These results indicate that IgG2 in the bovine exists in two sub-subclasses, IgG2a and IgG2b. The two sub-subclasses of IgG2 could be rapidly isolated with a good yield in two-steps namely protein A affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography.     

New alleles of chicken CD8 alpha and CD3d found in Chinese native and western breeds

Chinese native chicken breeds provide useful resources for the study of genetic diversity. In this study, the alleles of CD8 alpha and CD3d cDNA from Chinese native and introduced western breeds of chicken were analyzed at the sequence level. Six alleles were found, due to 13 amino acid replacements in the extracellular domain of the CD8 alpha sequence. There were four alleles detected in the Chinese strains, and alleles 5 and 6 were identified for the first time. Allele 6 was shared by Langshan, Beijing Fatty and Recessive White Feather chickens. Allele 2, found in the Bigbone strain, was the same as that found in the Leghorn strain H.B15.H7, and allele 3 in the Xianju breed was also the same as in the Leghorn strain H.B15.H12. Two Leghorn lines (RPL line 7 and AY519197) and the Camellia possessed an allele (alleles 1, 4 and 5), respectively, that was not found in the other lines. Nine out of 13 amino acid replacements were situated in the putative major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding CDR1 (positions 30, 33 and 34), CDR2 (positions 58, 62, 63 and 65) and CDR3 (positions 90 and 106). Except for the Xianju breed, the CD8 alpha cDNA of Chinese native chicken breeds shared high homology. Two alleles were found in CD3d. Three additional nucleotides were found at positions 64, 65 and 66 in the newly discovered allele 2. This led to a difference of four amino acids (at residues 22, 23, 24 and 25) in the extracellular domain of CD3d cDNA from the Gushi, Recessive White Feather and ISA chickens compared with these of the White Leghorn and T11.15 (NM_205512). Five hybridoma clones (1C9, 1H5, 4B11, 6G5 and 13C5) against chicken CD8 alpha were generated by DNA immunization. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 6G5 and 4B11, showed reactivity to the splenocytes from five Chinese native chicken breeds, the Recessive White Feather chicken and the Leghorn (AY519197), while mAbs 1C9, 1H5 and 13C5 showed no reaction with these breeds.     

Pre-maturity α-amylase and incipient sprouting in UK winter wheat,with special reference to the variety Rialto

In 1998 and 1999 the UK winter wheat variety Rialto produced unexpected low Hagberg falling numbers that could not be directly linked to sprouting. It was proposed that these reductions in quality could be due to pre-maturity α-amylase activity (PMAA). The problem was not identified during the selection and commercial development stages. Our study tested the hypothesis that the variety Rialto is PMAA-susceptible. Analysis was done on 13 year-location combinations of field grown Rialto. Together, visual and chemical assessments of sprouting and iso-electric focusing of α-amylase isozymes identified several samples with significant α-amylase activity in the apparent absence of sprouting. In addition, tests with α-amylase sensitive Phadebas gel revealed distinctive PMAA discoloration patterns in 10–44% of the grain from the 13 samples, leading to the conclusion that Rialto is PMAA-susceptible. Diurnal temperature range accumulated for an 11 day period during a warm spell in early simulated grain development displayed a significant but negative correlation with the number of grains showing clear PMAA discoloration patterns on Phadebas gel. The number of clear PMAA grains correlated positively with rainfall accumulated over 11 days. These results suggest that PMAA can increase under conditions similar to those conducive to pre-harvest sprouting. It is however also possible that in some instances both PMAA and incipient sprouting could have produced similar patterns of α-amylase activity. In addition to tests with Rialto, Phadebas gel tests were therefore also done with the known high Hagberg varieties Option and Malacca, sprouted in a controlled environment. Results from the additional gel tests suggest that visual and chemical assessments of sprouting in the grain combined with Phadebas gel analysis could identify PMAA more reliably in grain sub-samples than Phadebas gel analysis alone.     

水分胁迫下甘薯叶绿素a／b比值的变化及其与抗旱性的关系

通过对室外旱池处理条件下的甘薯叶片叶绿素含量变化的研究,结果表明,水分胁迫下甘薯各品种叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量比对照均有所下降,叶绿素a/b比值比对照也有所下降,且叶绿素a/b比值占对照百分率与品种抗旱性呈极显著负相关(r=-0.8509,P＜0.01).因此,可以用叶绿素a/b比值下降的程度来评定甘薯品种的抗旱性.     

Kaurane-type diterpenoids from Chromoleana odorata, their X-ray diffraction studies and potent α-glucosidase inhibition of 16-kauren-19-oic acid

A new diterpenoid, 15-angeloyloxy-16,17-epoxy-19-kauronic acid (1), along with five known metabolites, 16-kauren-19-oic acid (2), 6′-hydroxy-2′,3′,4,4′-tetramethoxychalcone (3), isosakuranetin (4), acacetin (5), and kaempferide (6) was isolated from the organic extracts of the roots of Chromoleana odorata. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic evidences. The structures of 1 and 2 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compound 2 exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.