Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia

Abstract Use of stone bunds to enhance soil and water conservation was first introduced to Tigray, northern Ethiopia in 1981. This study was designed to examine the factors that control the effectiveness of bunds installed on cropland. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil loss and sediment accumulation were conducted on 202 plots at 12 representative sites in Dogu'a Tembien district. Mean annual soil loss from the foot of the bunds due to tillage erosion was estimated at 39kgm⁻¹yr⁻¹ or 20tha⁻¹yr⁻¹, a rate which decreased with increasing age of bund. The assessed mean annual soil loss rate by sheet and rill erosion in the absence of stone bunds is 57tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The mean measured annual rate of sediment accumulation behind the stone bunds is 119kgm⁻¹yr^−1/sp or 59tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The measurements show that the introduction of stone bunds to the region has led to a 68% reduction in annual soil loss due to water erosion. This reduction is due to the accumulation of sediment behind the stone bunds, which occurs faster in the early years after construction and decreases as the depression behind the bunds becomes filled with sediment. New stone bunds are particularly effective in trapping sediment in transport, but regular maintenance and increase in height of the bunds is necessary to maintain their effectiveness. The average USLE P factor for stone bunds in the study area is estimated to be 0.32.     

CaCl2浸泡处理对银杏贮藏品质和种壳超微结构的影响

以银杏核用主栽品种佛指和龙眼为试材,将其种核用1% CaCl2浸泡处理24 h,然后置于室温下贮藏,研究在贮藏过程中种核呼吸强度和品质变化规律,并对种壳超微结构进行观察.结果表明:①银杏种核单粒重和种仁呼吸强度、含水量、总淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量均随贮藏时间的延长而下降,浮籽率则呈上升趋势;品种间比较以龙眼呼吸强度高、水分散失快、营养消耗高;CaCl2处理后种核的水分散失和养分消耗均受到抑制,种仁呼吸强度也有下降,其中龙眼的处理效果较为明显.②银杏种壳由大量管胞组成,管胞表面光滑,穿孔明显,穿孔主要有圆形和撕裂状;管胞直径和穿孔的形状、分布、大小品种间差异显著,与佛指比较龙眼的管胞直径较小、穿孔面积较大;CaCl2处理后种壳表面密布钙质颗粒,部分颗粒覆盖于管胞的穿孔洞口,减少了水分的散失和O2的进入,提高了银杏种核贮藏性能.     

Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle

In the Coral Triangle community-based marine protected areas (MPAs) are being established at a prolific rate. Their establishment can benefit both fisheries and biodiversity, and they provide both a socially and economically acceptable means of managing coral reefs in developing nations. However, because such MPAs are typically small (usually <0.5 km²), they will rarely provide protection to large mobile fishes. An exception to this limitation may exist when community-based MPAs are established to protect small sites where vital processes occur, such as fish spawning aggregations (FSAs). To test the effectiveness of small (0.1–0.2 km²) MPAs for protecting FSAs, we monitored three FSA sites where brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), camouflage grouper (Epinephelus polyphekadion) and squaretail coralgrouper (Plectropomus areolatus) aggregate to spawn. Sites were monitored during peak reproductive periods (several days prior to each new moon) between January 2005 and November 2009. All three sites are located in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, and had been exploited for decades, but in 2004 two sites were protected by the establishment of community-based MPAs. The third site continued to be exploited. Over the monitoring period densities of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion increased at both MPAs, but not at the site that remained open to fishing. At one MPA the densities of E. polyphekadion increased tenfold. Our findings demonstrate that community-based MPAs that are appropriately designed and adequately enforced can lead to the recovery of populations of vulnerable species that aggregate to spawn.     

Seagrass beds and mangroves as potential nurseries for the threatened Indo-Pacific humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus and Caribbean rainbow parrotfish, Scarus guacamaia

The importance of seagrass beds and mangroves as a juvenile habitat as opposed to other shallow water habitat types is investigated using a single sampling method on four islands in the western Indian Ocean for Cheilinus undulatus, and on one island in the southern Caribbean Sea for Scarus guacamaia. Both species occur on the Red list of threatened species. Juveniles of Cheilinus undulatus were predominantly found on seagrass beds while adults were limited to the coral reef. The presence of seagrass beds resulted in significantly higher densities of the species on coral reefs in front of these habitats, indicating the importance of seagrass beds as a juvenile habitat. For Scarus guacamaia, juveniles were exclusively observed in mangroves while adults only occurred on the coral reef. Adult S. guacamaia occurred on all coral reefs along the sheltered coast of the island containing mangroves, but no relationship with distance to mangroves was observed. This could indicate the importance of mangroves for the occurrence of adults of this species on the scale of an entire island.     

群体遗传结构的理解

一个植物种群体的空间分布大致可划分为两类 :离散分布与连续分布。然而隐藏在这种表观物理分布内部的遗传变异是十分复杂的。这种变异是如何分布的呢 ?这种分布又是如何维持的呢 ?因此 ,认识一个种的群体遗传结构有助于我们理解该种的进化过程 ,并提供为遗传资源保护做出决策的重要信息。本文对三大经典遗传结构模型 (岛屿模型、步石模型及距离隔离模型 )与渐变群理论及它们的异体和发展进行了详细的分析和评述。目前获得的许多不同类型的遗传标记使这些理论的应用得到不同程度的实现 ,但由于这些理论结论涉及到许多假设 ,在实际应用时应十分慎重。作者认为许多已建立的适合于动物群体遗传结构理论不能简单地直接应用于植物群体上 ,今后一个重要的研究内容就是要建立适合于植物群体的遗传结构理论     

四种滤料去除氨氮的效果

测定生化环、沸石、生化石和碎石4种滤料的去除氨氮效果。结果显示,单位体积滤料去氨氮效果以沸石最佳[4.19mg/(h·L)],生化环和生化石去氨氮能力基本相同,两者分别为3.60mg/(h·L)与3.58mg/(h·L),效果最差的碎石仅为2.09mg/(h·L);若以单位质量滤料表示其去氨氮能力,则不同滤料的去氨氮能力差异显著,其中生化环去氨氮能力最强[5.29mg/(h·kg)],其次为生化石,其去氨氮能力为4.07mg/(h·kg),沸石的去氨氮能力较差[1.95mg/(h·kg)],仅为生化环的37.0%,碎石的去氨氮能力最差[0.87mg/(h·kg)],为生化环的16.4%。     

贵阳龙洞堡机场砂石山地植被恢复措施

针对贵阳龙洞堡机场建设时形成的砂石山地水土流失现状,提出了恢复植被工程措施和生物技术措施。     

欧李在贵州喀斯特石漠化区的引种观察

为筛选适合贵州喀斯特石漠化区栽种的欧李品种,采用田间试验对4个引进欧李品种的适应性、花期、坐果率和植株高度等进行观察,在室内对其品质进行测定。结果表明:1)欧李3号、欧李4号、欧李5号和内蒙1号4个欧李品种均能在贵州正常生长并安全越冬,栽植成活率分别为93.5%、91.5%、90.0%和92.5%。2)欧李3号、欧李4号和欧李5号的平均坐果率分别为39.2%、43.4%和29.4%,平均植株高度分别为105.7cm、102.1cm和52.2cm。3)欧李3号和欧李4号共检测出17种氨基酸,其总含量分别为2 870mg/100g和3 647mg/100g;维生素B12含量分别为0.29mg/kg和0.26mg/kg。4)欧李4号的植株高度、开花量、平均坐果率等均优于欧李3号和欧李5号,但欧李3号在贵州喀斯特石漠化地区的生长状况最好,在开花期和挂果期对欧李3号进行疏花、疏果,并注重水、肥管理,密度控制和修枝,可促进果实良好生长。结论:引进的4个欧李品种均适宜在贵州种植,而且欧李3号、欧李4号和欧李5号的表现均较好,可在贵州推广种植。     

关于浙江金石拓片的认识与思考——从其特点、价值、利用角度探索

金石拓片是地方文献的特殊载体之一,通过对浙江的金石拓片的特点、价值的认识和思考,指出对金石拓片开发和利用,发挥其应有的价值。     

城镇化建设中工业遗产的保护与利用途径——以木鱼石矿区为例

随着时间的更迭与前进,城镇化建设中产生了大量面临淘汰或闲置的工业遗产．它们承载了各种不同的经验与文化累积,对于复兴城市经济活力、延续城市文脉有着极其重要的意义。但是这些具有历史意义与价值的对象有些面临淘汰,有些被保存的工业遗产,从保护的实质层面而言,则缺乏尊重文脉、注重可持续发展的理念。作者以木鱼石矿区为例,不仅关注有形的物质形态的保护与利用,还关注精神与历史记忆的保存,并从更全面地视角,提出了工业遗产保护与利用的途径,为城镇化建设中的工业遗产研究提供了新的思路和可能。