强度水土流失区不同治理措施对土壤物理性质的影响

在福建省长汀河田强度侵蚀山地,探讨了3种不同治理措施对土壤物理性质的影响,结果表明：不同治理措施区的土壤孔隙状况、团聚度、抗蚀性、入渗速率均得到一定程度的提高,土壤分散率降低,土壤排水能力和通气度也有所提高。不同措施对土壤物理性质改良的总体趋势是：草灌乔措施〉补植乔灌〉老头松改造〉对照,采用草灌乔混交措施对土壤物理性质的改良效果最好。     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践

自2001年起,甘肃农业大学的研究者在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇布设了不同保护性耕作措施下春小麦→豌豆和豌豆→春小麦轮作系统的定位试验,以研究免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕地膜覆盖(NTP)等保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田生态系统中的效应。本文就近10年依托该试验获取的相关研究结果进行综述,重点阐述特定土壤、气候、农作制度下土壤理化性状、土壤微生物及其酶活性、土壤温室气体排放、作物生理生态等对上述几种保护性耕作措施的响应。初步得到免耕秸秆覆盖措施有助于形成良好的土壤结构、减少土壤侵蚀、改善土壤持水特性、提高土壤养分利用效率、改善土壤微生物区系、增强作物光合效能、增加作物产量等结论,对筛选出当地适宜的耕作模式、改善区域土壤质量、促进农业可持续发展有重要意义。在此基础上,提出目前该项研究存在的问题和今后重点关注的方向:1)保护性耕作土壤碳循环机理;2)覆盖方式的创新;3)温室气体排放测量方法的改进与完善。     

砚瓦川流域水沙演变特征及其驱动因素分析

为了探究降水变化和水土保持措施对黄土高原地区产流产沙的影响,选择我国水土流失最为严重的区域——甘肃省庆阳市的砚瓦川流域为研究区,对该流域1981—2012年的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量进行趋势分析及突变检验,分析黄土高原沟壑区水土流失治理背景下流域水沙的演变规律,定量评价降水和水土保持措施对流域水沙变化的贡献程度。结果表明:在1981—2012年期间年降水量和年径流量均没有发生显著变化,而年输沙量呈现显著减少趋势,年径流量和年输沙量的突变时间分别在1996和1997年,具有很好的同步性。与基准期(1981—1996年)相比,变化期(1997—2012年)的年径流量和年输沙量分别减少了17.0%和76.0%,分析径流和输沙历时曲线发现流域丰水期和平水期的径流量逐时段减少,而枯水期径流量却持续增加,输沙量在整个时段则大幅度减少。该流域降水和水土保持措施对年径流减少的贡献率分别为-37.9%和137.9%,而对年输沙量减少的贡献率为-35.0%和135.0%,因此,水土保持措施的实施是该流域年径流量和年输沙量减少的主要原因。其中,植被措施(林地和草地)对径流影响显著,占径流减少总量的61.04%;工程措施(梯田和坝地)对产沙影响显著,占产沙减少总量的102.84%。研究结果表明,黄土高原地区水土流失治理已在区域尺度上表现出一定程度上削洪补枯和减少侵蚀产沙的水文效应特征。同时在水土保持措施建设过程中,合理配置植被措施和工程措施比例,充分发挥各项水土保持措施的优势,是开展适应性流域管理的关键。     

降水特征与农作处理对坡耕地水土流失的动态研究

通过在云南红壤坡耕地上建造径流小区,研究了自然降雨情况下6种不同农作处理的水土流失特征。结果表明:横坡垄作能有效减缓强降雨对坡耕地的侵蚀,减少径流流失,但不能有效防治长降雨的持续冲刷;顺坡垄作对强降雨和长降雨的侵蚀都不能有效减少水土流失。烤烟的不同生长时期对水土流失的影响因素不同。烤烟生长前期,垄作方式是影响水土流失的主要因素;在烤烟生长进入成熟期后,各处理间的泥沙流失量差异都不显著,各处理的地表植被覆盖率都达到最大化,地表植被覆盖率成为影响水土流失的主要因素。     

Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions.     

农业生态环境保护及对策

以保护农业生态环境为出发点,综合阐述了农业生态环境问题产生的背景;分析了影响农业生态环境的各种因素;客观地指出了目前还存在的问题;提出了保护农业生态环境的措施及对策。     

不同治理措施对流动沙地天然植被恢复效果的影响

流动沙地采取不同治理措施7 a后,天然植被恢复效果不同。①生态垫阻断了天然植被的正常演替规律,植被盖度和物种丰富度只有4.31%和3种。同期营造的人工林中,小叶锦鸡儿和侧柏林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最高,均大大超过同期封育的流动沙地,新疆杨和欧美杨84林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最低,沙枣和榆树林地居于中间位置。②新疆杨和欧美杨84林地植被一年生草本占绝对优势,榆树和沙枣林地多年生草本和灌木数量有所增加,侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地物种生活型结构已趋于多样化。③集沙观测表明,生态垫、侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地均无风蚀现象,欧美杨84和新疆杨林地风蚀较为严重,榆树和沙枣林地风蚀较轻。     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

基于主成分分析的片麻岩山地新栽幼树不同保水措施评价

[目的]探索北方退化干旱山地新栽幼树适宜的土壤保水措施,为北方干旱退化山地发展高效节水经济林产业提供科学依据。[方法]以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接幼树为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究不同保水措施对土壤环境状况及新栽核桃幼树生长的影响,并采用主成分分析法对保水措施进行科学的综合评价。[结果]用土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量和新栽幼树生长状况3个层次的17个指标构建了片麻岩山地新栽幼树保水措施的筛选模型,将原始数据标准化,提取出了4个主成分,可反映保水措施93.453%的综合效果。[结论]地膜覆盖是片麻岩山地新栽幼树最佳的保水措施。