基于厘米级无人机影像的水土保持措施精准识别

基于厘米级高分辨率无人机影像,应用面向对象方法(Object-Based Image Analysis, OBIA)对吉林省伊通县椽子沟流域的横坡改垄、地埂植物带、生态恢复乔木林、生态恢复草地等水土保持措施进行自动精准识别。应用超绿指数(Excess Green Index,ExG)、超红指数(Excess Red Index,ExR)、归一化差异指数(Normalized Difference Index,NDI)等光谱指数,形状的主方向、形状指数等形状特征,均值(Mean)、方差(Variance)、对比度(Contrast)等纹理特征进行措施的特征提取。结果表明:研究区水土保持措施识别的总体精度可达91.24%,Kappa系数为0.87;对垄台、垄沟等线性水土保持措施总体精度可达72.33%,Kappa系数为0.63。基于厘米级无人机影像,应用面向对象方法基本可实现对黑土区水土保持措施的精准识别,也可对垄台垄沟等线性措施进行自动识别,研究结果可为水土保持措施实施范围及完好程度的动态监测提供参考依据。     

Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies

The effectiveness of measures targeted at the restoration of populations of endangered species in anthropogenically dominated regions is often limited by a combination of insufficient restoration of habitat quality and dispersal failure. Therefore, the joint prediction of suitable habitat and seed dispersal in dependency of management actions is required for effective nature management. Here we demonstrate an approach, which links a habitat suitability and a seed dispersal model. The linked model describes potential species distribution as a function of current species distribution, species-specific dispersal traits, the number of successful dispersal events, dispersal infrastructure and habitat configuration. The last two variables were related to water management actions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model in a strategy analysis of hydrological restoration measures for a large fen area in which still numerous endangered plant species grow.With the aid of the linked model, we were able to optimise the spatial planning of restoration measures, taking into account both the constraints of water management practices on abiotic restoration and the effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal. Moreover, we could demonstrate that stand-alone habitat suitability models, which assume unlimited dispersal, may considerably overestimate restoration prospects. For these reasons, we conclude that linked habitat suitability and dispersal models can provide useful insights into spatially differentiated potentials and constraints of nature restoration measures targeted at the sustainable conservation of endangered plant populations whose habitats have been deteriorated due to undesirable effects of land and water management on abiotic conditions. These insights may contribute to the design of cost-effective nature restoration and conservation measures.     

不同施肥措施对玉米根际土壤微生物数量及养分含量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同施肥措施对根际土壤微生物数量及养分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥显著提高了根际土壤微生物数量。在玉米生育期内土壤细菌和放线菌数量平均数量表现为MNP(有机肥+N+P)>M(有机肥)>NP(N+P)>CK(对照),与CK相比,MNP、M和NP处理细菌数量分别提高了302.82%、183.96%和136.23%,而放线菌数量则分别提高了93.97%%、62.64%和54.28%。土壤真菌平均数量表现为MNP>NP>CK>M,其中MNP和NP分别比CK提高了33.74%和29.08,而M则比CK降低了8.39%。土壤好气性固氮细菌平均数量表现为MNP>NP>M>CK,MNP、M和NP分别比CK提高了55.46%、24.63%和40.87%。(2)在玉米收获期土壤有机质和各营养指标含量均比播种期降低,不同施肥处理土壤有机质含量在播种期和收获期均表现为M>MNP>CK>NP,而土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷含量在播种期表现为MNP>NP>M>CK,在收获期表现则不尽一致。(3)土壤细菌、放线菌和固氮菌数量均与土壤全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量之间有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),土壤真菌数量与土壤有机质及各养分含量之间相关性较差。     

“水土保持规划与设计”课程实践环节设计

针对原"水土保持规划"课程教学中存在的问题,提出的新"水土保持规划与设计"课程是根据我国目前生产实际的需求,在原"水土保持规划"课程基础上整合形成的一门实践性很强的水土保持与荒漠化防治专业骨干课程。新"水土保持规划与设计"教学实践环节体系设计了"规划整体"和"典型流域治理措施设计"2个方向共8个方面的具体内容,既可反映整体水土保持规划的要求,更好地完成教学大纲中规定的要求,又可使学生牢固地掌握规划编制的内容和深度,同时有助于提高课程教学质量和学生的实践能力。     

Insular pest control within a metapopulation context

Introduced pests threaten many species and their control is generally beneficial for conservation, particularly on islands where complete eradication is possible. Unfortunately on ‘nearshore’ islands neighbouring source populations exist and unaided reinvasion is likely. Pest control programmes at these sites thus require a metapopulation context to adequately manage movements between source and sink populations. We investigated the ecology of introduced ship rats (Rattus rattus) on a nearshore island, and gene flow with adjacent mainland populations, in order to understand the metapopulation dynamics and relative levels of pest control required within the landscape. We sampled the entire population by trapping (n = 30), achieving eradication, and found a low rat density (3.2 ha⁻¹) indicative of a sink population. Seed and other plant material constituted the major dietary component of rats. Despite its proximity to mainland source populations, the island population was genetically distinct with reduced allelic diversity caused by a recent reinvasion founder effect. Genetic analyses also detected recent migrants between the populations. In contrast, two mainland populations separated by a similar distance displayed complete genetic mixing. The small water gap therefore provides a sufficient barrier to lower the migration rate to the island and delay reinvasion, which nonetheless eventually happens. In order to maintain nearshore islands pest-free, conservation management will require a metapopulation approach simultaneously focusing on both island and source population pest control.     

不同农艺措施条件下稻田田面水总氮动态变化特征研究

通过盆栽试验,对稻田田面水总氮在不同农艺措施条件下动态变化规律进行了研究,并对该规律进行了数字拟合,以便为控制稻田氮素流失提供理论依据和技术途径.结果表明:田面水总氮浓度在施肥后第一天达到高峰,随着时间的推移不断降低,并且在每次施肥后7-9 d下降到较低水平;施肥水平和田面水总氮浓度呈正相关关系;施肥方式对田面水总氮有较大影响.随着施肥深度加深,田面水总氮含量逐渐降低;不同肥料种类对田面水总氮亦有影响,全部施用复合肥处理浓度最大,施用复合肥+碳铵处理浓度最小;有机肥作为缓释肥料在试验初期对田面水总氮贡献不大;沙土较粘壤土处理田面水总氮浓度大.     

关于平原区的水土保持问题

水土流失是指在水力、重力、风力等外营力的作用下,水土资源和土地生产力的破坏和损失,包括土地表层损失和水的损失。我国是世界上水土流失最为严重的国家之一,尤其在山区和丘陵区。随着经济社会的发展,人口、资源、环境矛盾问题日益突出,笔者发现平原区也存在水土流失问题,且由于平原面积大,地貌类型多,加上人为因素的影响,致使平原区水土流失带来的危害日益严重,从贯彻落实新《水土保持法》的角度出发,本文重点介绍平原区水土流失的类型和特点,并提出了治理各种类型水土流失的措施。对于保护平原区的生态环境和促进经济的可持续发展有很重要的意义。     

坡耕地保护性耕作冬小麦增产机理的研究

利用长期定位试验在豫西旱区坡耕地上对不同保护性耕作下冬小麦主要生育期的土壤温度、土壤养分、水分动态、干物质积累和小麦产量进行研究。结果表明:深松和免耕覆盖土壤含水量较高,深松与免耕覆盖技术能够提高土壤肥力,越冬期保护性耕作5 cm地温较低,而0~30 cm地温相差不大。深松覆盖在灌浆期土壤日均地温较低,有利于防御干热风对小麦的危害。小麦中后期深松覆盖和免耕干物质积累量较多,能延缓小麦植株衰老。     

陆良复种栽培探析

云南省陆良县得天独厚的自然气候条件,形成了复杂多样的复种模式,详细介绍、分析、总结和探讨了陆良县较有特色的几种复种模式。     

不同恢复措施对强度侵蚀地土壤微生物特性的影响

为了研究不同生态治理措施对强度侵蚀红壤区土壤微生物特性的影响,在长汀县选取4个具有代表性的措施,采样分析不同措施区各种土壤微生物特性。结果表明:强度侵蚀红壤经过多年的治理后,土壤区系中三大菌落数量、土壤微生物量C、N都有不同程度的提高。通过对比不同治理措施下土壤微生物性质质量指数,可以看出乔灌混交对于改善土壤微生物的效果最明显,封禁管理的效果相对较差。