复方中药和益生素联合应用对肉鸡舍环境质量和抗病力影响

为研究改善鸡舍环境质量和增强肉鸡抗病力的生态调控技术,试验通过在肉鸡饮水中添加复方中药和益生素,分析鸡舍空气氨气浓度、大肠杆菌数量及肉鸡小肠SIgA和盲肠中大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量,并统计分析了肉鸡盲肠和舍内空气中致病性大肠杆菌的血清型。结果表明,与对照组相比,肉鸡饮用复方中药和益生素后,鸡舍空气氨气浓度、盲肠内大肠杆菌数量下降了6.2mg/m3、1.62此处是否确实单位(mg/m3),胸腺、法氏囊免疫指数、SIgA、盲肠内乳酸杆菌数量分别上升了0.71、0.68、0.35OD、1.45log CFU/g,上述检测指标均有显著性变化(P0.05)。这表明复方中药和益生素联合应用可改善鸡舍环境质量和增强肉鸡抗病力,从鸡舍空气分离的致病性大肠杆菌血清型及其对鸡舍空气的污染程度与肉鸡肠道内致病性大肠杆菌的种类和数量有关。     

4株凡纳滨对虾肠道益生菌分离、鉴定及应用研究

为将凡纳滨对虾肠道分离的益生菌用于对虾的养殖,利用乳酸菌培养基分离对虾肠道中的益生菌并对菌株进行初步分类鉴定,利用体外抑菌方法筛选有抗菌活性的菌株,用于考察对虾实验室养殖过程中抗有关致病菌的效果。试验结果显示,自虾肠道分离得到W7、W25、W27、W31菌株,分别属于啤酒酵母、短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌沙漠亚种和暹罗芽孢杆菌,它们对致病菌副溶血弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌有一定的抗菌活性,其中暹罗芽孢杆菌W31抗菌效果最好。将啤酒酵母W7和暹罗芽孢杆菌W31菌体与饲料混合用于对虾的养殖,能够明显增强凡纳滨对虾抵抗弧菌侵染的能力,提高存活率。     

Probiotics in aquaculture

Abstract Probiotics, which are micro-organisms or their products with health benefit to the host, have found use in aquaculture as a means of disease control, supplementing or even in some cases replacing the use of antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of microalgae (Tetraselmis), yeasts (Debaryomyces, Phaffia and Saccharomyces) and Gram-positive (Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus and Weissella) and Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Photorhodobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio) has been evaluated. However, the mode of action of the probiotics is rarely investigated, but possibilities include competitive exclusion, i.e. the probiotics actively inhibit the colonization of potential pathogens in the digestive tract by antibiosis or by competition for nutrients and/or space, alteration of microbial metabolism, and/or by the stimulation of host immunity. Probiotics may stimulate appetite and improve nutrition by the production of vitamins, detoxification of compounds in the diet, and by the breakdown of indigestible components. There is accumulating evidence that probiotics are effective at inhibiting a wide range of fish pathogens, but the reasons for the inhibitions are often unstated.     

Effects of a probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis YB‐1 and Bacillus cereus YB‐2) on disease resistance and non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

The effect of a commercially available compound probiotics product containing Bacillus subtilis YB‐1 (50%) and Bacillus cereus YB‐2 (50%) fed to sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) on challenge infections and non‐specific immune responses was assessed. Sea cucumbers (were randomly allocated into nine aquariums at a density of 30 sea cucumbers per tank and triplicate groups) were fed diets containing 0 (control), 10⁷ and 10¹⁰ cfu (g diet)^?1 of the probiotics mixture for 32 days. The growth factors and immunological parameters were measured. In addition, the effects on resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus infection were also evaluated. The results indicate that all the immunological parameters (phagocytic activity, superoxide anion production, lysozyme activity, catalase activity and phenoloxidase activity) measured and the growth rate of sea cucumbers fed 10¹⁰ cfu of the probiotics mixture were significantly (P < 0.05) improved than control groups at 16 and 32 days. After challenging, the cumulative mortality for the control was 100%, whereas the cumulative mortality for sea cucumbers fed 10¹⁰ cfu of the probiotics mixture was 47% (P < 0.05). Although the total autochthonous intestinal heterotrophic bacterial counts were not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05), Bacillus sp. levels were significantly elevated in sea cucumbers fed the probiotics mixture (P < 0.05). These results confirmed that administration of the probiotics mixture in the diet stimulated non‐specific immune responses and enhanced the growth performance of sea cucumbers, and was effective in controlling infections caused by V. alginolyticus.     

Adhesion to sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, mucus of microorganisms isolated from farmed fish, and their interaction with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

Abstract Most studies carried out to select microorganisms as candidate probiotics have focused on in vitro antagonism tests, such as the production of inhibitory compounds against pathogenic microorganisms. However, attachment to mucous surfaces could be another criterion to be considered when selecting potential probiotics for aquaculture. Nineteen isolates obtained from farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, and gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., have been evaluated for their capacity to adhere to skin and intestinal mucus of Senegalese sole, and their antagonistic effect against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, an important pathogen for farmed sole. The isolates from gilthead sea bream showed the highest percentage of adhesion to sole mucus, whilst the pathogenic microorganisms assayed and the isolates from sole showed, in general, a lower ability to adhere to sole mucus. The results suggest that the adhesion to fish mucus was more dependent on the isolate tested than on the host mucus. The isolates from gilthead sea bream also showed a higher antagonistic activity against P. damselae subsp. piscicida than those from Senegalese sole. Four isolates were selected, on the basis of their adhesive ability and antagonistic effect on P. damselae subsp. piscicida, to study their interactions with the pathogen in respect of adhesion to skin and intestinal mucus under exclusion, competition and displacement conditions. The results obtained show the ability of three isolates to reduce the adhesion of P. damselae subsp. piscicida to sole mucus under displacement and competition conditions. The adhesion of the pathogen to sole intestinal mucus was also significantly reduced when three isolates were assayed under exclusion conditions.     

苦瓜、番茄和胡萝卜复合果蔬汁的研制

以苦瓜、番茄、胡萝卜3种汁液为原料生产复合果蔬汁,通过正交试验筛选出一组最佳果蔬汁配比。结果表明:苦瓜汁40%,番茄汁20%、胡萝卜汁15%、白砂糖10%、柠檬酸为0.2%时混合为最佳配比。此复合果蔬汁营养丰富、酸甜可口、口感良好。     

丙酮丁醇梭菌复合诱变及发酵废弃物原料产生物丁醇的研究

[目的]通过废弃资源的再利用研究可替代的新型生物燃料——丁醇的发酵培养基。[方法]对菌株Clostridium acetobutylicum CGMCC 1.0134进行紫外诱变和磁场与Fe~(2+)共同诱变,获得1株丁醇产量高和稳定性好的优良突变株Clostridium acetobutylicum UM-80,采用不同的废弃原料考察该突变菌株的发酵性能,并筛选出合适的性价比高的培养基。[结果]突变株UM-80发酵产丁醇和总溶剂(丙酮、丁醇、乙醇)分别为9.04、17.95 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高了5.12%、4.12%。单独的蕨根是较好的丁醇发酵原料,当蕨根醪质量分数为15%时发酵液中丁醇浓度最高为5.50 g/L。当高山被孢霉与蕨根共同发酵时发酵液中丁醇最高产量为6.50 g/L。[结论]蕨根与高山被孢霉的复合培养基是较好的生物丁醇发酵培养基。     

新农村建设背景下农业院校复合型人才培养模式探讨

在分析农业大学人才培养现状的基础上,提出了农业类高校培养复合型人才的具体模式,为高校的进一步发展提供借鉴和参考。     

复合酸化剂和益生素对仔猪腹泻防治效果研究

仔猪腹泻是猪场的常发疾病。选择32-33 d,均重8.2 kg的仔猪35头,在配合饲料中分别添加0.5%复合酸、1.5%益生素、0.5%复合酸＋1.5%益生素进行了对比试验。结果发现,添加1.5%益生素可显著提高仔猪采食量（P〈0.05）,分别单独添加复合酸和益生素仔猪末重最佳（P〈0.05）。两种添加剂均可显著降低腹泻率（P〈0.05）。未发现添加复合酸和益生素对生产性能的加性效应,可能与该添加剂的使用剂量有关。     

零换水条件下益生菌组合在凡纳滨对虾育苗生产中的应用

为探索应用益生菌的凡纳滨对虾零换水育苗技术,选择具有不同生态学功能的四株益生菌进行配伍形成两个益生菌组合PBE和PBN,并应用于凡纳滨对虾无节V期幼体(N5)至仔虾第五天(PL5)的育苗实验。每个实验组包含6个平行,同时设置对照组。整个实验过程不换水,PBE和PBN组的水体中连续施用益生菌组合。当幼体发育至蚤状幼体Ⅲ期(ZⅢ)、糠虾幼体Ⅲ期(MⅢ)和PL5时,检测幼体变态率、幼体体内和水体中可培养细菌总数(total culturable bacterial count,TBC)和假定弧菌总数(total presumptive Vibriobacteria,TPVB);在实验结束时统计各实验组幼体成活率,并用Illumina测序PL5幼体体内的微生物群落。结果显示:在整个育苗周期内,未发生疫病;与对照组相比,益生菌组合显著降低了(P 0. 05) TPVB在幼体体内和育苗水体中的相对含量,并显著提高了(P 0. 05) ZⅢ幼体和仔虾PL5的变态率和成活率(各增加15%)。各实验组的PL5体内核心微生物群的多样性和结构并不存在显著性差异(P 0. 05),红杆菌科是微生物群落中最具优势的菌群,在各实验组中的相对丰度为40%～86%。研究表明,零换水条件下,益生菌组合能够有效抑制弧菌在育苗水体和凡纳滨对虾幼体体内的过度增殖,提高幼体的成活率,实现育苗的健康生产。