一复方藏兽药体外抗菌活性及药效学实验研究

采用平皿法和液体稀释法对急性支气管炎验方制剂进行体外抗菌试验。以急性支气管炎验方制剂药液灌胃给药测定其对小鼠的无毒剂量,同时测定甲型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、百日咳杆菌标准株对小鼠的最小致死量(MLD)。通过腹腔注射不同菌株(MLD 0.5mL)感染小鼠,以急性支气管炎验方制剂药液治疗。体外抗菌试验表明,急性支气管炎验方制剂对甲型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、百日咳杆菌标准株均有不同程度的抑制和杀灭作用。药效学实验表明,该验方制剂对人工感染小鼠有不同程度的保护作用,与对照组比较差异显著。说明该验方可以进行临床治疗试验。本实验为扩大应用范围及成果转化奠定了基础。     

苦瓜、番茄和胡萝卜复合果蔬汁的研制

以苦瓜、番茄、胡萝卜3种汁液为原料生产复合果蔬汁,通过正交试验筛选出一组最佳果蔬汁配比。结果表明:苦瓜汁40%,番茄汁20%、胡萝卜汁15%、白砂糖10%、柠檬酸为0.2%时混合为最佳配比。此复合果蔬汁营养丰富、酸甜可口、口感良好。     

微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响

通过给苏淮断奶仔猪饲喂微生态制剂(植物乳杆菌为主)研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响,分析仔猪生长性能与器官重、小肠形态、肠道pH的相关性,探讨微生态制剂缓解仔猪断奶应激的可能机制。选取健康、胎次和体重相近[(9.34±0.33)kg]的144头28日龄苏淮断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮+抗生素)、微生态制剂组(基础日粮+微生态制剂),每组6个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。预试期为3d,试验于32日龄开始,59日龄结束时屠宰采样。结果表明,与对照组相比,微生态制剂可显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)(P0.05),降低料重比(F/G)和腹泻率(P0.05);显著提高(P0.05)断奶仔猪脾脏相对重量;显著增加断奶仔猪十二指肠绒毛高度(P0.05),显著降低十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒隐比(P0.05),十二指肠、空肠、回肠隐窝深度有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);显著降低(P0.05)断奶仔猪盲肠、结肠pH。与抗生素组相比,微生态制剂组对各指标无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,ADG增加与肝脏相对重量增加显著相关(P0.05);ADFI增加与十二指肠和脾脏相对重量、回肠绒隐比增加显著相关(P0.05),与结肠和盲肠pH、回肠隐窝深度降低显著相关(P0.05);F/G降低与结肠相对重量增加呈显著相关(P0.05);腹泻率下降与十二指肠相对重、脾脏相对重量、十二指肠和空肠绒隐比增加呈显著相关(P0.05)。由此看出,微生态制剂可通过增加器官重,改善肠道形态,降低胃肠道pH,提高断奶仔猪生长性能、降低腹泻率,缓解断奶应激对仔猪的影响,该微生态制剂具有替代抗生素的潜力。     

乳酸菌和酵母菌复合制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在研究乳酸菌和酵母菌复合制剂(LS)及其与维吉尼亚霉素(VM)联用对爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肠道健康的影响。选取1日龄健康AA肉鸡公雏400只,据体重相近原则分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加30 mg/kg VM(VM组)、15 mg/kg VM+1 000 mg/kg LS(VM+LS组)和1 000 mg/kg LS(LS组)的试验饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)VM、VM+LS和LS组的42日龄肉仔鸡体重显著高于对照组(P0.05);VM+LS和LS组的22~42和1~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日增重和料重比显著优于对照组(P0.05)。2)VM+LS组的42日龄胸肌率和全净膛率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,LS组21日龄空肠黏膜形态显著改善(P0.05),十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P0.05);VM+LS和LS组42日龄十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度及绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P0.05)。4)VM+LS和LS组的42日龄盲肠大肠杆菌数量和大肠杆菌/乳酸杆菌值显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,LS及其与VM联合使用均能改善肠道健康,促进肉仔鸡生长。     

Research Progress of Probiotics Fermented Feed Effects on Growth Performance and Immune Function in Piglets

The feed antibiotics are long added into the feed as growth promoters,resulting in a series of problems,such as drug residues in livestock products,drug-resistant strains emergence and environmental pollution.Probiotics fermented feed can reduce the anti-nutritional factors in raw materials, produces beneficial metabolites, soluble peptides and other small molecules,that will enhance the nutritional level of feed, play a role in promoting growth and improving immune function.The present studies have showed that probiotics fermented feed will be one of the potential solutions. Therefore, this paper will be focused on the effects of probiotic fermented feed on piglet growth and immunity, which will provide the theoretical base for further study in this field.     

Research Progress on the Evaluation Methods of Safety and Efficacy of Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms. When they are administrated in adequate amounts, they can have beneficial effects on the host. They are widely applied in food fermentation and feed industry. With the appearance of commercial probiotics, more concerns are raised on the safety and efficacy evaluation of probiotics. At present, the evaluation of probiotics are mainly about the safety and efficacy, and both of them can be done in vivo and in vitro. When developing probiotic products, many companies rarely make a comprehensive safety evaluation of strains, and the evaluation index and methods used by various researchers from different countries are different. Besides, standards in efficacy evaluation of probiotics are not uniform either. In order to solve the problems of probiotics evaluation, it is necessary for evaluating the safety and effectiveness of the probiotics systematically and scientifically to establish a comprehensive evaluation method. From the aspects of potential harm and efficacy of probiotics, the authors summarizes recent developments in some aspects of safety evaluation in vitro including hemolytic, evaluation of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and toxic metabolites-producing ability, in functional characteristics evaluation including resistance to acid and bile, tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal tract, adhesion capacity to gastrointestinal mucosa and epithelial cells, antimicrobial activity, and in safety and functional characteristics in vivo. The aim of this paper is to provide references to build a comprehensive technical system and standard of evaluation of probiotics.     

Advances in Modulation of Intestinal Innate Defense Responses by Probiotic Bacteria

Probiotics are a kind of living microorganism which can be administered in feed and confer numerous health benefits to animals. Probiotics play a key role in maintaining the microbial balance of gastrointestinal, immunomodulation and pathogen defense, specific probiotics show certain degree of potential to reinforce the integrity of intestinal epithelium and regulate some immune components. The mechanism of probiotic action is an area of interest. Among all possible routes of modulation by probiotics of intestinal mediated defense responses, modulations of intestinal barrier function, innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses as well as signaling pathways are considered to play an important role in the intestinal defense responses against pathogenic bacteria. This review summarizes how probiotic bacteria interact with goblet cell-derived mucins, trefoil factors (TFFs),defensins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), heat shock proteins (HSPs) and P-glycoproteins (P-gp) in the gut to regulate the intestinal innate defense responses,which is regarded as the scientific basis for the future detailed study of benefits of probiotics towards the health of intestine and also dietary intervention against intestinal exposure to pathogens.     

复合益生菌对肉鸽生长性能和免疫机能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合益生菌对肉鸽生长性能和免疫机能的影响。选取72对种鸽和144只1日龄乳鸽,乳鸽称量初始体重后随机分成4个试验组,每个试验组6个重复,每个重复3对种鸽及6只乳鸽。各组饲喂相同基础日粮,对照组补饲保健砂,Ⅰ组补饲保健砂+复合菌Ⅰ（6×10⁷ CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌+6×10⁷ CFU/g乳双歧杆菌）,Ⅱ组补饲保健砂+复合菌Ⅱ（6×10⁷ CFU/g乳双歧杆菌+6×10⁷ CFU/g粪肠球菌）,Ⅲ组补饲保健砂+复合菌Ⅲ（6×10⁷ CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌+6×10⁷ CFU/g粪肠球菌）。试验期56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ⅱ组显著提高了肉鸽的28和56日龄体重和平均日增重（P<0.05）。Ⅱ组显著提高了28日龄肉鸽的胸腺指数（P<0.05）;Ⅲ组显著提高了56日龄肉鸽的脾脏指数（P<0.05）。3个复合菌组提高了28和56日龄肉鸽血清中免疫球蛋白的含量,但均未达到显著水平（P>0.05）。综上所述,保健砂中添加复合益生菌可提高肉鸽的生长性能、免疫器官指数,并一定程度上能提高肉鸽的免疫力,其中乳双歧杆菌和粪肠球菌组效果最好。     

益生菌对肠道先天防御反应调节作用的研究进展

益生菌是可添加在饲料中对动物健康产生很多益处的活微生物,其在维持胃肠道微生物平衡、免疫调节和病原体防御中起关键作用,某些特定的益生菌菌株对加强肠上皮的完整性和调节一些免疫组分也显示出一定程度的潜力。有关益生菌的作用机制是当前研究的热点,其中,在益生菌调节肠道介导的防御反应的所有可能途径中,肠屏障功能、先天和适应性黏膜免疫反应及信号传导途径被认为在针对病原菌的肠防御反应中起重要作用。作者主要针对益生菌如何与肠道内的杯状细胞黏蛋白、三叶因子（trefoil factors,tffs）、防御素、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）、分泌型免疫球蛋白A（secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA）、热休克蛋白（heat shock proteins,HSPs）和P-糖蛋白（P-glycoprotein,P-gp）相互作用而起到调节肠道先天防御反应的作用进行了概述,以期为今后研究益生菌对肠道健康及对感染病原体的肠道如何起到有益作用奠定基础。     

益生菌与中草药对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

为探讨益生菌与中草药联合应用对产蛋鸡饲养的效果,以480只32周龄海兰褐蛋鸡为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2和3组均在基础日粮中添加1.0%的中草药组分,再依次分别添加0.05%、0.1%和0.2%的复合益生菌。预试期7 d,正试期28 d,考察益生菌与中草药联合应用对产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。试验结果表明,各试验组与对照组相比,均显著降低了蛋鸡的不合格蛋率(P0.05),试验2、3组还分别显著降低了料蛋比和提升了产蛋率(P0.05);同时,各试验组均显著提高了鸡蛋的蛋黄颜色(P0.05),试验2、3组还显著提高了蛋壳厚度和蛋黄比率(P0.05)。但是,试验2组和试验3组的生产性能、蛋品质差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可知,联合应用益生菌和中草药可改善蛋鸡的生产性能,提高蛋品质,综合应用的效果和添加量,其中以试验2组的益生菌和中草药为最佳应用组合。