Small‐scale reseeding trials in arid rangeland: Effects of rainfall,clearing and grazing on seedling survival

Abstract

Seeds of four indigenous plant species were sown in 1990 in small‐scale field trials in an arid, non‐seasonal rainfall region of the southern Karoo, South Africa. Seeds of a winter annual Tetragonia echinata (Aizoaceae) showed innate dormancy but those of three perennial shrubs Pteronia empetrifolia, P. pollens and Osteospermum sinuatum (all Asteraceae) emerged only after the first substantial autumn rain. In good rangeland, seedling growth and survival was better in clearings than in undisturbed vegetation. In poor, continuously‐grazed rangeland, sheep had more influence on growth and survival of O. sinuatum seedlings than did vegetation clearing. These findings should be tested by means of large‐scale trials replicated in time and space.     

Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds?

Competition for soil resources plays a key role in the crop yield of intercropping systems. There is a lack of knowledge on the main factors involved in competitive interactions between crops and weeds for nutrients uptake. Hence, the purpose of this work was to compare the effects of arbuscular mycorrhial fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) colonization in interspecific competitive relations and its effect on nutrients uptake and weed control in dill and common bean intercropping. Two field experiments were carried out with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013–2014. The factors were cropping systems including a) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sole cropping (40 plants m⁻²), b) dill (Anethum graveolens L.) sole cropping at different densities (25, 50 and 75 plants m⁻²) and c) the additive intercropping of dill + common bean (25 + 40, 50 + 40 and 75 + 40 plants m⁻²). All these treatments were applied with (+AM) or without (-AM) arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization. In both cropping systems, inoculation with F. mosseae increased the P, K, Fe and Zn concentrations of dill plants by 40, 524, 57 and 1.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW, respectively. Intercropping increased Mn concentration in common bean (4.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW) and dill (3.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW), and also seed yields of both crops (198 g m⁻² and161 g m⁻², respectively). AM colonization improved seed yields of dill and common bean by 169 and 177 g m⁻² in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Moreover, AM application enhanced competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds at different intercropping systems. Intercropping significantly changed weed density compared to sole cropping, as weed density was decreased in the dill + common bean intercropping. Diversity (H), Evenness (E) and richness of weed species of weeds for intercrops were higher than those for sole crops.     

Effect of eye fluke infection on the growth of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) —An experimental approach

Effect of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on fish growth has remained somewhat unclear because 1) the question has not been subjected to experimental examination with treatment-control setup and 2) growth has not been related to the coverage of parasite-induced cataracts in a quantitative manner. We examined effects of the parasite on growth and competitive ability of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in experimental conditions resembling those at fish farms by maintaining groups of exposed and control fish, as well as mixed groups from both treatments, under optimal conditions for 8 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe differences in fish growth between the treatments. However, at the level of individual fish, parasite-induced cataracts had a negative effect on weight of the exposed fish but this took place only when the cataract coverage reached 100% in both eyes. No effect of the infection on competitive ability of fish was observed in mixed treatments which may be related to patterns of food distribution in the tanks or cues received by the fish from less infected conspecifics. Overall, the results suggest that effects of D. spathaceum on fish growth become apparent only in cases of very high cataract coverage, and that feeding regimes and the shape of the cataract coverage distribution in a fish group are important determinants of the magnitude of these effects.     

柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法

利用柞蚕微孢子虫孢子液直接免疫家兔获得柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体后,分别采用双抗夹心法和竞争法制作胶体金免疫层析试纸条,建立能简便、快捷、准确诊断柞蚕微粒子病的柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法。双抗夹心法和竞争法分别是将柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体与25 nm和17 nm的胶体金颗粒结合并固定在金标垫上,然后均将羊抗兔二抗包被在硝酸纤维素膜上作为质控点(C),但是2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的反应模式不同:前者是以柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体作为检测点(T),而后者以柞蚕微孢子虫孢壁蛋白作为检测点(T)。2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的检测时间均为10 min,检测灵敏度为0.8×107个/mL,与柞蚕血淋巴无交叉反应,特异性强,操作简单,其中,以双抗夹心法制作的试纸条显色更清晰,结果更可靠,更具实用价值。     

一年生混播草地生物量和品质以及种间竞争的动态研究

研究单播和混播燕麦和箭Ｋｕｏ豌豆草地生物量、品质及种间竞争动态。结果表明,生育期间除蜡熟期、成熟期外、单播燕麦产草量均高于其它处理。燕麦５０％＋箭Ｋｕｏ豌豆５０％混播处理在蜡熟期、成熟期产草量最高。从开花期开始,各处理单位面积粗蛋白质产量均显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）高于单播燕麦,而中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）、酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ）含量均低于单播燕麦。燕麦蜡熟期和简明Ｋｕｏ豌豆结荚期是饲草最佳刈割期。以燕麦２     

雷州半岛提高糖业综合竞争力的研究

对雷州半岛糖业进行深入、全面的调查,分析其发展的优势与劣势,提出解决问题的措施和方法,为企业提高综合竞争力提出建设性意见,旨在促进雷州半岛糖业的可持续发展。     

设施农业科学与工程专业《创新创业实践》课程的探索与思考

《创新创业实践》是一门面向大学四年级的本科社会实践类课程。本文以该课程为例开展教学改革,将其分为理论教学、实践教学、实践考核三部分,其中实践学时占比达到83.3%,以丰富的实践教学基地为基础,引入往届的中国大学生“互联网+”创新创业大赛金奖案例进行理论教学,并采用模拟大赛机制对学生进行分组考核,以 “以赛促学,以赛促练、以赛促教”为宗旨,课程改革获得良好的成效,学生团队获得中国“互联网+”大学生创新创业大赛等国家级荣誉2次,省级荣誉多次。最后通过对改革成效进行思考和总结,进行了讨论。     

PUT、SPD对辣椒果实中辣椒素及相关物质的影响

以沈椒四号麻辣椒为试材,在辣椒花期喷施不同浓度的PUT、SPD、SPM,研究了外源多胺处理的辣椒果实中辣椒素及其代谢相关物质的变化。结果表明,PUT0.1(1×10-4mol.L-1)和SPD1(1×10-3mol.L-1)能够促进辣椒素的积累,PUT0.1处理促进作用最强。PUT0.1和SPD1均能促进PAL和POD的活性。PUT0.1能够降低PPO的活性和抑制木质素的合成。所有多胺处理均能促进类黄酮和单宁的积累,但PUT0.1对单宁的促进作用较大,对类黄酮的促进作用较小。PUT0.1为促进辣椒素积累的最佳处理。     

利川绝迹莼菜种群原因分析

分析了利川绝迹莼菜群落的基本特征和所在地的生境特征,并研究了利川绝迹莼菜濒危的因素,即：人类活动如耕作、污水排放和过度开发利用,生境片断化、破碎化以及在物种竞争中处于劣势。     

杜仲人工林中的邻体干扰

本文研究了四川地区杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）人工林,杜仲个体生长速度与邻体效应之间的相互关系。以杜仲个体为基株,3m为半径圆内的个体均被定久为邻体,采用张大勇改进的干扰指九模型和杜种的生长速度进行回归分析,发现杜仲生长速度与邻体干扰指数之间有显著的线性关系,研究结果表明,杜仲林内,杜仲个体之间表现为强烈的种内竞争,个体生长的动力来自杜仲各个体对资源竞争所引起的自疏作用,邻体干扰效应的存在是确定杜仲人工林合理经营密度的重要理论依据。