有色米及白米矿质元素营养特征

 用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分析了在同地繁殖的国内外252份水稻品种糙米中的N、P、 K、 S、Mg、Ca、Mn、 Fe、 Na、Al、Cu、B、 Ba、Mo、Sr、 V、 Eu 18种无机元素，比较了其中有色米(33份红米、9份紫米)与白米(210份)间的18种元素含量和12个无机元素的养分供需率的差异。结果表明：如按糙米元素含量或精米元素养分供需率比较，不能如实反映其营养特征。因有色米食用是包括种皮的糙米而精白米是去糙的精米，用有色糙米与精白米的元素养分供需率此较则12个元素中除Ba、 V仍低于精白米，Sr无显著差异外，其它元素均高于精白米。有色米中红米的Mg、Ca 、Ba、V和Fe高于紫米。所以在评估大米元素营养价值时要注意其食用部分及其可利用性。     

Near infrared spectra indicate specific mutant endosperm genes and reveal a new mechanism for substituting starch with (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan in barley

Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopy was tested as a screening method to characterise high lysine mutants from a barley collection by classification through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Mean spectra of the samples within each cluster identified gene-specific patterns in the 2270–2360 nm region. The characteristic spectral signatures representing the lys5 locus (Risø mutants 13 and 29) were found to be associated with large changes in percentage of starch and (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan. These alleles compensated for a low level of starch (down to 30%) by a high level of (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan (up to 15–20%), thus, maintaining a constant production of polysaccharides at 50–55%, within the range of normal barley.The spectral tool was tested by an independent data set with six mutants with unknown polysaccharide composition. Spectral data from four of these were classified within the high (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan BG lys5 cluster in a PCA. Their high (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan and low starch content was verified. It is concluded that genetic diversity such as from gene regulated polysaccharide and storage protein pathways in the endosperm tissue can be discovered directly from the phenotype by chemometric classification of a spectral library, representing the digitised phenome from a barley gene bank.     

叶子花辐照诱发突变育种的研究

本研究于1985～1988年,用~(60)Coγ射线诱发重瓣叶子花突变,选育新的花色品种。试验结果表明,辐照剂量为3KR和3.5KR处理的发根插条,在VM_1代均获得不同花色突变株,其中3 KR处理的出现一株分别有鲜红和橙黄色的变异,突变率为0.74％;3.5KR处理的出现两株分别为橙黄色和红黄嵌合花色变异,突变率为1.64％。通过无性繁植,已从VM_1代突变株分离纯化出两个花色各具特点的突变系,分别编号为“85-1”和“85-2”。经继代繁殖到VM_3代,表现性状稳定,花期特长,花色艳丽,具有较好的观赏价值,目前正在加速繁育推广应用。     

In Vitro Selection and Identification of Drought-Tolerant Mutants in Sweetpotato

In vitro selection of drought-tolerant mutants in sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang was studied by using PEG6000 as selection stress. Embryogenic suspension cultures were cultured in MS medium containing 0-35% PEG6000 and 2 mg L-1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). The results indicated that 30%PEG6000 can be used for the optimal selection stress of drought-tolerance. Embryogenic suspension cultures irradiated with 80 Gy gamma-ray were cultured in MS medium containing 30 % PEG6000 and 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and 20 drought-tolerant cell aggregates were obtained. These cell aggregates were transferred to solid MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and formed embryogenic callus with somatic embryos. The embryogenic callus with somatic embryos was further transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 abscisic acid (ABA), resulting in the germination of somatic embryos. In this study a total of 18 regenerated plants were obtained. The regenerated plants were transplanted in a greenhouse and 11 lines were formed. The analysis on drought treatment of seedlings, water retaining capacity of leaves and coefficient of drought-tolerance showed that 3 lines had significant drought-tolerance in comparison with the control plants.     

Mineral and trace element composition in induced mutants of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.)

In the present investigation several mutants isolated during mutagenic studies of pigeonpea were analysed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni. The results have revealed changes in the concentrations of macro and micro mineral elements in the mutant seed material. These changes in concentrations are attributed to the altered genetic structure; due to mutations, the plant system might have absorbed and stored more or less amounts of the elements in the seeds.     

Effects of homogenization pressure and stabilizers on some physical characteristics of a beverage prepared from partially defatted, roasted peanuts

A low-fat beverage with roasted peanut flavor was developed from peanuts. The potential milk substitute contained 11.8% total solids, 2.0% fat and 3.7% protein, and was whitish orange-yellow in color. The effects of stabilizing additives and homogenization pressure (13.8×10⁶ Pa or 41.4×10⁶ Pa) on selected physical characteristics were determined. Suspension stability was improved by addition of carrageenan [Benlacta CM61-B (CM), 0.02–0.04%] or a hydrogenated mono- and diglyceride [Emuldan HV52K (HV, 0.2–0.4%)]. Homogenizing at 41.4×10⁶ Pa increased viscosity of all samples except that of the controls but did not improve the suspension stability (top:bottom solids) of the beverage. The most viscous formulations (17.5±0.95 cps) were those containing 0.04% CM. Treatments yielding the best combination, compared to cow's milk values, of high suspension stability (0.5±0.03, where 1.0=maximum stability) and low viscosity (3.7±0.89 cps) were those containing 0.2% HV which were homogenized at 13.8×10⁶ Pa.     

Phenolics and Antioxidative Activities in Narrow-Leafed Lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.)

Eight lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) genotypes grown at four locations in south central Alberta in 2004 were evaluated for variability in phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity measured by a photochemiluminescence assay. Genotype was the main source of variation for content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds in genotypes varied minimally from 11.9 to 14.7 mg catechin equivalent and 4.15 to 4.95 mg rutin equivalent g⁻¹ lupin for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Lupin genotypes exhibited weak antioxidant activity based on water–soluble substances (ACW) of 0.54 to 1.07 μmole Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g with lag time ranging from 70 to 153 s and an antioxidant index of 6.7 to 14.5 and 1.9 to 3.3 μmole TEAC/g based on measurements of lipid-soluble substances (ACL). Antioxidant activity of lupin genotypes was not related to phenolic contents of seeds.     

稻瘟病菌体细胞色素的变异性及其突变体

 利用紫外光诱变，从来自菲律宾田间的一个具有广谱毒性的流行菌株PO6-6中获得一些浅黄色素突变株，并检测了它侵染水稻的频率；同时对利用浅黄色的表现型来研究体细胞变异的可能性进行了探讨。在所测试的13个浅黄色素突变株中，有6个能使水稻产生病斑，在品种CO39、IR50，IR36上能重新分离到浅黄色素突变株。由此表明，某些浅黄色的突变株具有侵染水稻的能力， 它们没有通常的黑色素合成。从一些浅黄色突变株引起的病斑上获得的单孢培养菌中，野生菌株(Wild type)色素的频率范围为10％～100％。由浅黄色突变株引起的病斑中也可重新获得白色的变异物。在室内培养试验中，出现色素变异的频率未超出l10^-3 ～10^-4 的范围。用一个浅黄色突变株和野生类型的分离菌株进行的相互接种中，从品种IR50的病斑上分离的单孢中，浅黄色菌株占绝对优势。在一次实验中， 由浅黄色素培养菌所引起的一个病斑中，同时获得了浅黄色和灰黑色的培养菌。这些结果表明，体细胞色素的变异也许表现在与寄主植物之间的互作。     

A psychophysical approach to color sensory evaluation of yellowish natural dye fabrics

The objectives of this study were to evaluate color sensation for yellowish natural dye fabrics using magnitude estimation to determine physical colorimetric factors significantly related to human sensibility by establishing power function in psychophysical analysis. Fourteen different yellowish fabrics dyed with natural colorants were selected as stimuli. Subjective color sensations including brightness, heaviness, softness, strength, warmth, activeness, classicalness, femininity, and pleasantness for each stimulus were subjectively evaluated by using fixed magnitude estimation. As results, yellowish natural dye fabrics in general seemed to evoke feeling of brightness, femininity, and pleasantness more strongly than that of heaviness and classicalness. Most of color sensations were significantly related with more than one of physical color properties, which leads to establishing reliable power functions between them. Color lightness, L* was found as a dominant physical attribute which affects subjective sensation such as brightness, femininity, and pleasantness. Subjective activeness was explained by physical yellowness, b*, whereas both strength and classicalness were by color saturation, C* even though it described strength positively while it did classicalness negatively. In the power functions, these relationships could be utilized to design color-sensible natural dye textiles.     

Barley mutants with enhanced level of resistance to Swedish isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana,casual agent of spot blotch

Spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, has become an increasingly important disease on barley in Sweden. In order to enhance our knowledge of this disease, eight Swedish B. sorokiniana isolates were assessed for their virulence pathotype on 30 barley genotypes including eight lines of mutant origin, designated B. sorokiniana tolerant (bst). A leaf screen assay revealed the presence of virulence groups 1 and 7 in Sweden. Several mutant genotypes demonstrated enhanced resistance responses (P = 0.0001), of which bst1:3 had the lowest leaf scoring value to the most virulent isolate, Swe2 (virulence group 7). To evaluate the host root responses, two contrasting isolates Swe2 and Swe4 (virulence group 7 and 1) were used to inoculate a set of eight differential lines, including four promising mutant lines from the leaf screen. Mutant bst1:6 was significantly less susceptible (P = 0.001) compared with the other barley genotypes tested, independent of the two isolates used. Mutants bst1, bst1:3 and bst1:4, which displayed less or no spots, are also considered promising genotypes for further breeding attempts.