大白菜软腐病菌游动性突变体在大白菜体内增殖扩展研究

 用培养皿滤纸吸附测定法和不伤根土壤拌菌处理及针刺接种法,测定了大白菜软腐病菌游动性突变体进入大白菜体内、并在其中侵染定殖和扩展的特性。结果表明,游动性丧失和增强的突变体都可以通过种子萌发和主动接触进入大白菜体内、并可以在体内有短期的繁殖,但菌量远低于野生菌。大白菜叶片接种实验说明,这两种突变体也都可以进行短距离扩展,但扩展距离和菌的繁殖量低于野生菌。     

苹果紧凑型品种和矮化砧木内源激素的变化

 以不同矮化程度的苹果品种、砧木和嫁接植株为试材, 研究了春梢旺长期茎尖和春梢停长期叶片的内源激素变化。结果表明, 与普通型品种相比, 紧凑型品种茎尖和叶片中的赤霉素(GA₁₊₃) 含量显著降低而细胞分裂素(CTKs) 含量显著升高, 紧凑型品种的CTKs/ GA₁₊₃约是普通型品种的4. 78～6. 24 倍。不同矮化程度的砧木间相比, 春梢停长期叶片中, M9 的IAA 含量比平邑甜茶降低了53. 7 %。以M26作中间砧, 显著降低了接穗叶片和基砧新根中的IAA 含量; 但以新红星作中间砧则影响较小。将M26中间砧与紧凑型品种组合, 与乔砧普通型植株相比, 春梢停长期叶片和新根中IAA 含量分别下降了46. 1 %和33. 3 %,CTKs/ GA₁₊₃是其2. 8～3. 6 倍, 其变化幅度大于单一应用矮化砧、紧凑型品种的植株。因此, 紧凑型、矮化砧具有不同的激素调节机制, GA、CTK在紧凑型品种矮化中起重要作用, 而矮砧的矮化可能与IAA 密切相关。     

荔枝冷害过程中果皮色泽、花色素苷和类黄酮含量的变化

 研究了‘糯米糍’荔枝果实在3 ℃和0 ℃条件下果皮的色泽和花色素苷及类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明, 果实在0 ℃下14 d 时褐变指数迅速增大, 21 d 时已遭受不可逆的冷害。在冷藏过程中, 果皮的色泽指标a、L、C 值及花色素苷、类黄酮、总酚含量均随贮藏时间的延长而下降, 0 ℃下比3 ℃下降快。0 ℃下14～21 d , a、L、C 值分别下降了27.95 %、33.58 %和58.47 % , 而21 d 时果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量依次为采收时的18.08 %、35.99 %和41.64 %。说明冷害加速了荔枝果皮花色素苷的降解及类黄酮和总酚的变化, 促进了褐变进程的发生。果皮a、L、C 值与褐变指数、花色素苷含量呈显著相关性( P < 0.05) ,采用自动测色色度计可真实地反映果皮花色素苷含量和褐变程度。     

Seasonal variation in pigmentation and anthocyanidin phenetics in commercial Eustoma flowers

The seasonal change in petal color and pigmentation of 29 commercial Eustoma cultivars was studied. The flowers are basically divided into four groups according to the major anthocyanidin phenotype in association with petal coloration, i.e., delphinidin (Dp)-based (purple flower), cyanidin (Cy)-based (reddish purple flower), pelargonidin (Pg)-based (pink flower), and none (white flower) groups. The constitution of petal anthocyanidins was not changed by forcing treatment in most of the flowers. Lightness (L^*) and chroma (C^*, color saturation) showed a change along with the increase/decrease of hue angle difference (ΔH^*), thus simultaneously the chromatic tonalities tended to move to redder and bluer, respectively. Floral pigment clustering described two flower groups in a dendrogram, based on anthocyanidin constitutions as phenetic markers, which are apparently the Dp- and Pg-based phenotypes of anthocyanidin syntheses. The Cy-based flowers made a subcluster with the Pg-based flowers, indicating a close relationship in the biosynthesis of the two anthocyanidins, and suggesting the Dp- and Pg-syntheses complement one another.     

番木瓜环斑病毒弱毒株的构建及分析

弱毒株是利用交叉保护防治植物病毒病害的关键限制因子。通过对马铃薯Y病毒属病毒(强、弱毒株)的全长及部分氨基酸序列比对分析,筛选出在亲本强毒株PRSV-LM的P1和HC-Pro基因上的8个可能与致病性相关的氨基酸突变位点(I_(309)、K_(481)、K_(598)、R_(728)、F_(753)、L_(754)、N_(787)和D_(944))。采用定点突变和Gibson拼接法,分别成功构建了4种含有2个突变位点(L_(754)和N_(787))、4个突变位点(I_(309)、K_(481)、F_(753)和D_(944))、6个突变位点(I_(309)、K_(481)、F_(753)、L_(754)、N_(787)和D_(944))和8个突变位点(I_(309)、K_(481)、K_(598)、R_(728)、F_(753)、L_(754)、N_(787)和D_(944))的PRSV-LM全长c DNA侵染性克隆突变体:p Gprsvm~2、p Gprsvm4、p Gprsvm6和p Gprsvm8。经人工接种、病症观察和RT-PCR检测,4种突变体克隆均能系统性侵染非转基因番木瓜植株,除克隆p Gprsvm~2的病症表现与亲本强毒株PRSV-LM一致外,其他多位点突变的克隆p Gprsvm4、p Gprsvm6和p Gprsvm8在番木瓜植株上的病症严重程度出现依次减弱,而克隆p Gprsvm8的病症最弱,且延迟2周发病。本实验初步验证了6个氨基酸突变位点(I_(309)→S、K_(481)→Q、K_(598)→E、F_(753)→L、R_(728)→I和D_(944)→N)与PRSV-LM的病症表现及致病力相关,其中K_(598)→E和R_(728)→I可能是影响致病性的关键位点。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统编辑日本结缕草ZjSGR基因技术研究

日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica)是一种常见的具有众多优良性状的暖季型草种,秋冬季节在我国北方地区会较早出现叶片脱绿现象,在一定程度上限制了日本结缕草在北方的大面积使用。ZjSGR是从结缕草中分离出来的一种衰老诱导基因,负调控叶片滞绿性状。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,通过基因枪介导的遗传转化方法实现对日本结缕草ZjSGR基因的编辑,经测序验证获得1株单碱基缺失突变植株。突变植株叶片深绿,在正常生长温度(28~30℃)条件下,和对照相比,叶绿素含量更高(P<0.05)。本研究为进一步阐述ZjSGR基因在日本结缕草滞绿性状调控中的作用机理提供了基础研究材料,也为培育日本结缕草滞绿品种育种工作奠定了基础。     

离心泵整体叶轮流道数控加工误差的仿真

对数控加工所获得的叶轮流道的加工误差进行仿真。首先对刀位轨迹线进行归一化处理,以此计算出脊棱高度曲线,再采用线性插值的方法得到曲面上采样点的加工误差。由于自由曲面加工中的刀位点比较密集,本文利用彩色云图将加工误差可视化,完善了对数控加工结果的计算机几何仿真。该算法已在自行研制的叶轮CAM系统中得到验证,并且与实际加工结果一致。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

驾驶员的视觉特性对道路交通安全的影响研究

为了更好地提高道路交通安全管理水平、减少交通事故,本文对关系驾驶员安全行车的视觉特性如视力、视野、立体视觉、色视觉、视觉适应等因素结合交通事故统计资料进行了分析,阐述了驾驶员的视觉特性对道路交通安全的影响。