氮沉降对湿地松林土壤呼吸的影响

为了阐明湿地松林土壤呼吸对氮沉降响应的变化规律以及氮沉降是否改变土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数,运用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定模拟氮沉降4种不同处理水平[0、5、15、30 g/(m2?a)]下湿地松林(Pinus elliottii)的土壤呼吸速率及土壤温、湿度。结果表明：湿地松林土壤胡须呈明显季节变化,7月最高,1月最低。各处理土壤呼吸年累积量为：对照(CK)[5.28±1.02 t/(hm2?a)]、低氮[LN 4.51±0.64 t/(hm2?a)]、中氮[LN 4.66±0.51 t/(hm2?a)]和高氮[HN 4.20±0.43 t/(hm2?a)]。全年对照处理土壤呼吸速率平均值为CK[1.44±0.28 μmol/(m2?s)]比各氮沉降处理LN[1.20±0.17μmol/(m2?s)]、MN[1.24±0.13μmol/(m2?s)]、HN[1.11±0.11μmol/(m2?s)]高16.6%、13.8%、22.9%。土壤呼吸速率与10 cm土壤温度呈显著相关正指数关系(P<0.01),相关性指数(R2)在0.6049~0.7557之间,湿地松林在各处理氮沉降下温度敏感性系数分别为LN(1.72)、MN(1.75)、HN(1.79)同对照(2.35)相比有降低趋势。土壤呼吸与5 cm土壤湿度之间呈二次方程关系,但相关性不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,氮沉降是影响湿地松林CO2通量的一个重要因子。     

酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维的功能特性及其应用研究

研究酱油渣中不溶性膳食纤维的膨胀性、持水能力、持油性、亚硝酸根离子吸附性,以及阳离子交换能力等功能特性,及其在桃酥中的应用。结果表明,酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维具有较好的膨胀性、持水能力、持油性和一定的阳离子交换能力,对亚硝酸根离子的吸附性能随着时间的增加而增大,120min时的吸附性趋于饱和,吸附率高达83.24%,且在酸性条件下的吸附性能更佳。应用实验表明,在桃酥中添加适量的酱油渣不溶性膳食纤维,不仅对桃酥的口感、色泽及组织形态等方面的影响较小,而且其保健功能有很大的提高。     

牧区奶干渣组合式发酵剂响应面法优化

以脱脂牦牛乳为试验材料,发酵3.5 h滴定酸度为试验指标,在不同菌种最佳组合方式筛选的研究基础上,利用响应面Box-Behnken中心组合试验研究了4株筛自牧区、发酵性能优良的菌种:保加利亚乳杆菌(MGD1-3)、嗜热链球菌(MGB39-5)、嗜热链球菌(G81-1)、植物乳杆菌(BM5152)不同接种比例对牧区奶干渣发酵效果的影响。结果表明,优化得到最优组合式发酵剂为:MGD1-3体积分数3.06%、MGB39-5体积分数0.64%、G81-1体积分数0.55%、BM5152体积分数2.04%,滴定酸度为75.87°T。为了便于实际操作,确定最终体积接种比为:MGD1-3∶MGB39-5∶G81-1∶BM5152=30∶6∶5∶20,接种量体积分数为6.0%,该条件下进行3次平行试验,得到滴定酸度平均值为74.21°T;将接种优化后组合式发酵剂制成的奶干渣(试验组)与牧区采集奶干渣(对照组)进行感官与理化指标比较,结果表明该组合式发酵剂发酵性能优良。     

基于激光诱导荧光高光谱技术无损检测脐橙表面敌敌畏残留

常规化学方法检测农药残留不仅对样品具有破坏性,而且费时费力。本文以激光诱导荧光结合高光谱图像技术为手段,对脐橙表面的敌敌畏农药残留进行光谱无损检测;实验方法是在脐橙表面,喷施用自来水配制的不同浓度的敌敌畏农药溶液,在实验室条件下风干后,采集激光诱导荧光高光谱图像,再用气相色谱法检测脐橙表面的农药残留量,应用偏最小二乘(Partial least squares,PLS)方法建立农药残留的预测模型,并找出最佳光谱区间,然后应用支持向量机(Support vectormachine,SVM)方法在最佳光谱区间的基础上建立农药残留的预测模型;所建模型结果其预测集样品的农药残留量实测值(0.4862~10.3791mg/kg)和预测值之间的相关系数为0.8101;实验结果说明,以激光诱导荧光结合高光谱技术为手段的无损检测技术,在检测脐橙农药残留方面是有可行性的。     

耕作管理措施对残茬覆盖及其分解的影响

The effects of tillage methods on percent surface residue cover remaining and decomposition rates of crop residues were evaluated in this study. The line transect method was used to measure residue cover percentage on continuous corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chisel plow (CH), and disk tillage (DT). Samples of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were used for residue decomposition study. Results showed that the percentage of residue cover remaining was significantly higher for NT than for CH and DT and that for CT was the lowest (< 10%). For the same tillage system, the percent residue cover remaining was significantly higher in the higher fertilizer N rate treatments relative to the lower fertilizer N treatments. Weight losses of rye and vetch residues followed a similar pattern under CT and DT, and they were significantly faster in CT and DT than in NT system. Also, the amounts of residue N remaining during the first 16 weeks were always higher under NT than under CT and DT.     

Growth and phosphorus uptake of maize cultivated alone,in mixed culture with other crops or after incorporation of their residues

Intercropping or rotating of P‐efficient crop species which mobilize sparingly soluble P by their root exudates can have beneficial effects on growth and P uptake of P‐inefficient species. We aimed at studying the effect of intercropping or incorporating of crop residues of P‐efficient crops on the components of maize P‐uptake, i.e. the root‐system size and P influx (P‐uptake rate per unit root length). This was studied in 3 pot experiments in a low‐P sandy soil. In the first experiment, maize was intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, and with groundnut in the second experiment. In the third experiment, maize was grown after incorporating the crop residues of white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape. Maize growth and yield was strongly inhibited when intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, probably because of competition for nutrients. But with groundnut as the accompanying species, maize yield was increased by a factor of 3, mainly because of an enhanced P influx. Crop residues of oilseed rape and sugar beet increased the yield of maize by factors 2 and 1.6, respectively, because of a 3 and 2 times higher P uptake as compared to maize grown after maize without incorporation of crop residue. The reason for the higher maize P‐uptake after oilseed rape was an 11 times higher P influx as compared to maize without crop residues, and after sugar beet residues because of an enhanced root growth and a 4 times higher P influx. Lupine residues did not improve maize growth, mainly because of a low P influx, which was even less than that of maize grown without crop residues. The soil solution P concentration and calcium acetate lactate‐extractable P (CAL P) measured in this study did not reflect the P availability as indicated by the plants (P uptake, P influx). This indicates that other mechanisms such as P mobilization in the rhizosphere by root exudates or cell‐wall components were responsible for the increased P availability. These mechanisms need further investigation.     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

厩肥、秸秆和绿肥的含钾状况及其对土壤和作物钾素的供应能力

以常用有机肥料牛厩肥、猪厩肥、鸡粪及作物秸秆、油菜绿肥为材料，研究了这些有机物的全钾、速效钾和缓效钾的含量状况，以及它们对土壤钾及作物吸钾的供应能力。结果表明：（１）三种有机烘肥及作物秸秆、绿肥中含钾量为０．８５％～４．５０％，其中有３２．７％～６９．７％为速效态钾，１．７％～２５．０％为缓效态钾；（２）肥料与土壤共同培养１５０ｄ后，约有５０％～８０％的速效态钾和缓效态钾仍以两种形态存在于土壤之中     

基于专利分析的全球农药残留检测技术发展态势研究

农药残留检测对于保障农产品质量安全具有重要意义。针对其专利密集的产业特点,依托Patsnap全球专利数据库,通过IPC国际分类号与关键词相结合依次开展初步检索、扩展检索与补充检索,检索共获得全球116个国家和地区的23 281条农残检测领域技术专利,其中发明与实用新型专利分别为21 422与1 859条。基于检索结果进行专利分析,由国际、国内两个层面分别从专利构成、法律状态、年度申请趋势、专利授权率、国别（省市）分布、技术分支及申请人分布特征等多维度评估农残检测技术创新现状与发展态势。评估显示：全球农残检测相关专利申请整体呈震荡上升且地域分布差异明显的态势;传统检测技术面临发展瓶颈,生物化学、基因及遗传工程、有机合成将是农残检测技术发展的主导方向;中国农残检测专利申请量大但整体技术水平不高,部分尖端技术领域“卡脖子”问题依然突出,提高专利总体质量、力争打破欧美技术垄断将是未来工作的重点。     

1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机铲刀结构和参数确定及试验研究

通过对1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机起膜、起茬铲刀的作业情况分析，推导出铲刀满足生产要求主要参数的求取方法和公式，并经理论分析和试验研究，确定了铲刀对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬时主要参数的取值范围和减小牵引阻力的取值规律。通过多副铲刀的对比试验，选取出对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬作业时，性能良好，牵引阻力较小的铲刀。