壳聚糖在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用进展

论述了壳聚糖的特点、涂膜方法和保鲜机理,综述了壳聚糖在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用进展。     

琼胶寡糖及EGCG对冰藏花鲈鱼片新鲜度与蛋白质生化特性的影响

花鲈贮运期间易受微生物与内源酶的联合作用,导致新鲜度及蛋白质生化特性改变,影响其食用价值。因此,采用适当的保鲜方式对花鲈贮运流通过程中的品质变化加以调控,以保证其品质安全显得尤为重要。为探究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)及琼胶寡糖(AO)对冰藏花鲈鱼片的保鲜效果,对硬度值、色差及新鲜度指标(硫代巴比妥酸值、K值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、感官评分)进行测定,并对蛋白质生化特性(肌原纤维蛋白含量、二级结构、巯基、羰基含量)进行分析。结果显示,对照组在第16天时感官得分低于8,且菌落总数和K值已分别高达(6.78±0.15) lg(CFU/g)与67.37%±1.75%,不可食用,而EGCG组(EG)、琼胶寡糖组(AO)及复合组的样品仍具有较好的硬度、色泽及新鲜度。贮藏至20 d时对照组的TBA值高达(0.81±0.03) mg/kg,而EG组、AO组及复合组的TBA值在贮藏期间均未出现大幅度增加,且始终低于对照组。另外,贮藏至12 d时对照组的羰基含量已显著高于其他保鲜处理组,对照组在贮藏末期的羰基含量上升至(1.63±0.04)nmol/mg,而EG组、 AO组及复合组的羰基含量仅为(1.14±0.03)、(1.28±0.08)与(0.99±0.09) nmol/mg。贮藏末期复合组的蛋白含量、α螺旋、巯基均高于对照组和单一保鲜组。研究表明,EGCG及琼胶寡糖均能较好地维持鱼片的新鲜度,能显著抑制蛋白质变性与氧化,且二者复合后的保鲜效果优于单一保鲜剂,延长鱼片保质期至20 d以上。该研究为EGCG及琼胶寡糖的保鲜机理提供了理论基础,为开发高效的新型生物保鲜剂提供参考。     

壳聚糖硫酸酯提高凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒感染力的研究

论述如下一项研究,采用壳聚糖硫酸酯添加到饲料中投喂凡纳滨对虾,4周后检测对虾血清酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶活性;同时进行白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的肌肉注射感染实验,以检测壳聚糖硫酸酯对病毒的抗感染能力。实验结果显示,饲料中壳聚糖硫酸酯添加量为0.15‰和0.50‰,能显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶活性;添加量为0.15‰时,能显著提高对虾血清超氧化物歧化酶活性,但添加量继续增大时反而下降;在低添加量时,对虾血清溶菌酶活性与对照组相近,添加量为0.15‰和0.50‰时,对虾血清溶菌酶活性随添加量增大而升高。凡纳滨对虾摄食添加壳聚糖硫酸酯饲料4周后,经注射WSSV攻毒感染,壳聚糖硫酸酯添加量为0.04‰、0.15‰和0.50‰试验组,对虾比成活率分别为39.3%、42.9%和53.6%,而未摄食壳聚糖硫酸酯的对照组成活率仅为17.9%。结果表明,摄食壳聚糖硫酸酯可以明显提高对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。     

生物降解农药残留的研究进展

为了促进农药的降解,减少农作物中的农药残留量,本研究归纳了农药降解的方法,主要包括光解、化学降解和生物降解,分析了各种农药降解方法的优点和缺点,总结了外源物质（农药安全剂、油菜素内酯、褪黑素）促进农作物体内农药降解的途径及机理。指出了寡糖降低作物中农药残留的作用以及可能的机理,提出了关于促进农作物体内农药降解研究方面存在的一些问题以及建议。期望对降低农作物中农药残留有积极作用,对农业具有指导作用。     

活性口袋关键色氨酸对几丁质酶Chi304催化性质的研究

几丁质酶中存在结合口袋及水解活性位点，关键氨基酸与底物几丁质的结合可调控酶的水解活性。以嗜热几丁质酶Chi304为研究材料，采用同源建模分析其高级结构，发现在其底物结合口袋附近存在2个色氨酸（W140与W272），将其定点突变为丙氨酸后，采用高效液相色谱检测酶的水解产物，并进一步分析水解产物三乙酰壳三糖（DP₃）与二乙酰壳二糖（DP₂）的比例（DP₃/DP₂），用于评估突变体的效果。结果表明，突变体W140A、W272A与W140/272A水解胶体几丁质产物DP₃/DP₂分别较野生型提升23.3%、45.7%与80.0%。由此表明，W140与W272是影响酶与底物结合的关键氨基酸，将其突变为丙氨酸可提升Chi304的内切活力，降低外切活力。     

壳寡糖对硬水灌溉下黄瓜育苗效果的影响

为筛选出最适宜培育黄瓜壮苗的壳寡糖处理方式及浓度,以"津春4号"黄瓜为试验材料,用不同浓度壳寡糖浸种(200、400倍)及苗期叶面喷施(500、800倍)组合处理来调控黄瓜幼苗的生长.结果表明:用硬水浸种加苗期进行3次800倍壳寡糖溶液喷施处理的壮苗效果最优,其相比于对照,最大叶面积、叶绿素含量升高,根冠比提高21.4...     

甘露寡糖对低盐胁迫下凡纳滨对虾生长、健康及肠道菌群的影响

为研究低盐胁迫(盐度3)下,饲料添加不同含量的甘露寡糖(mannan oligosacchar-ide,MOS)对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫力和肠道微生物的影响.低盐条件下,给实验组对虾(0.68±0.01)g分别饲喂含有2、4和8g/kgMOS的实验饲料,并将在盐度25和3条件下饲喂0 g/kg MOS饲料...     

Blueberry leaf extracts incorporated chitosan coatings for preserving postharvest quality of fresh blueberries

The phenolic compounds in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) fruit and leaf extracts (BLE) were determined based on HPLC analysis. Antimicrobial assays against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, as well as fungi isolated from the rotting blueberry fruit were conducted. The effects of chitosan coating incorporating different concentrations of BLE on the quality of fresh fruit during postharvest storage at 2 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) for 35 d and then at room conditions for 3 d were also investigated. Five different coating treatments were applied including 2% (w/v) chitosan coating (T1), 2% (w/v) chitosan coating containing 4% (w/v, T2), 8% (w/v, T3), or 12% (w/v, T4) BLE, and 2% (w/v) chitosan coating containing 12% BLE plus modified atmosphere packaging (MAP at 3 kPa O₂ + 12 kPa CO₂) (T5). A sample of blueberries dipped into distilled water was used as control (T0). BLE had a greater variety of phenolic compounds than fruit extracts with syringic acid the highest concentration (0.259 ± 0.003 g kg⁻¹), but the total phenolic content in BLE was lower (P < 0.05) than in fruit extracts. BLE showed good antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with a minimum inhibition concentration from 25 to 50 g L⁻¹. The 2% chitosan coating that incorporated 8% or 12% BLE showed some degree of decreasing decay rate of fruit compared with the control, and the coating with BLE plus MAP had more effective control of fruit decay. All treated samples maintained higher total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity than the control. This study suggested that chitosan coating incorporating BLE can be employed to extend shelf-life and maintain high nutritional value of fresh blueberries during postharvest storage.     

3种药剂及其复配使用对山银花白粉病的防效初报

以农药的速效性、持效性及对幼苗的安全性为判定指标,筛选适合山银花白粉病的用药技术。比较3种药剂5%壳寡糖（氨基寡糖素）水剂、10%己唑醇悬浮剂、50%硫悬浮剂及其复配使用对山银花白粉病第1次施药后7天、第2次施药后7天以及14天的防治效果。在第1次施药后7天、第2次施药后7天以及14天,不同药剂处理间山银花白粉病的发病率和病情指数显著低于清水对照,防治效果以5%壳寡糖水剂+10%己唑醇悬浮剂处理最好,在第2次施药后14天达到89.13%。50%硫悬浮剂和5%壳寡糖水剂+50%硫悬浮剂防治效果较差,但其防治效果仍分别达到81.71%和80.80%。选取的3种药剂及其复配对山银花白粉病均具有较好的防治效果,生物农药壳寡糖与己唑醇复配使用时可以降低己唑醇使用量,且效果最优。