氯盐融雪剂与大叶黄杨致死的剂量--效应关系

为预防无机盐类融雪剂对城市道路绿化造成严重的环境污染,通过不同浓度氯盐融雪剂对大叶黄杨的亚急性毒理试验,分析植株的生理变化,统计种群致死率,并结合建模分析,确定种群半致死剂量。结果表明:在污染前期大叶黄杨的叶绿素a、b总量与氯盐融雪剂累积剂量呈显著正相关,污染后期则呈显著负相关;在污染毒害全程中,植物组织中游离脯氨酸含量与融雪剂的施用累积剂量呈极显著正相关;可溶性蛋白含量在污染前期与融雪剂累积剂量相关性不显著,而在后期则与之呈显著负相关性。氯盐融雪剂对大叶黄杨的种群30 d半致死剂量为5 kg/(L•m2)。      

模拟酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了明确酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片荧光参数的影响,在拱棚条件下,以2年生大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus)为试材,采用人工喷洒的方法,以pH为7.0的模拟雨水为对照,研究了不同pH值(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0)的模拟酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片的叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:随着酸雨浓度pH值降低,大叶黄杨叶片的叶绿素含量呈现下降的趋势;叶绿素荧光参数非光化学猝灭系数(qN)呈先上升后下降趋势;光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)呈现下降趋势。当模拟酸雨pH≤2.0时,会对大叶黄杨的叶片造成严重的损伤,破坏叶绿体结构,直接影响了光合作用中的电子传递,导致光合电子传递过程中受到损害和抑制。     

小肽对刺参免疫酶活性及抗病力的影响

本文研究了注射不同剂量的小肽对刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及抗病力的影响。各试验组(0.2 mg组、0.4 mg组、0.6 mg组)分别注射浓度为0.4、0.8、1.2 mg/mL的小肽溶液500μL/只,对照组注射等体积无菌过滤海水。在注射后第2、4和7天,检测刺参体内ACP、AKP和SOD活性。结果表明,试验组刺参体腔液中ACP(0.4 mg组)、AKP(0.4 mg组)活性及SOD(0.6 mg组)活性分别在第4、4、7天达到最高值,与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.05),分别为对照组的2.6、2.3、1.9倍。攻毒试验结果证实,各试验组均产生了一定的免疫保护率,0.4 mg组最大,达33.3%。结果提示,小肽作为饲料添加剂能够提高刺参的非特异性免疫水平,且注射量为0.4 mg效果最好。     

饲料中添加虫草培养基对刺参生长性能及消化酶活性的影响

将新鲜虫草培养基制成干粉,以不同比例(0%、5%、10%、15%)添加到刺参饲料中,制成等能、等氮饲料D1、D2、D3和D4,研究其对体重为(1.24±0.41)g刺参生长性能和消化酶活性的影响。试验期为60 d。结果表明,D2、D3和D4组刺参的增重率和肠道蛋白酶活性均不同程度高于D1组,且饲料系数有效降低,其中,D3组饲料系数最低,显著低于D1组24.65%(P<0.05)。对刺参肠道的消化酶分析表明,D3组蛋白酶活力最高,D4组次之,并且均显著高于D1组(P<0.05)。由此可见,日粮中添加10%~15%虫草培养基促海参生长效果最好,并有效降低了饲料系数。     

麦冬园林栽培与养护措施研究

麦冬广泛应用于园林绿化,文章用定性和定量的方法从麦冬的园林栽培到日常养护进行初步研究。结果表明：（1）麦冬适应范围广,土壤pH为中性最适宜;（2）麦冬是一种阴性植物,适宜乔木林下栽植,或乔灌草结合;（3）合理密植,加强前期管理,迅速形成草甸,以减少养护成本。     

Dose-effect correlation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus

In order to prevent severe pollution by de-icing salt on greenery along urban roads, a half lethal dose （LD_50）for a plant population was confirmed through stress simulation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus, with an ianalysis of physiological changes, statistics on mortality rate on plant populations and mathematic modeling during a 30- day subacute toxicity test. The results indicate that a significant positive correlation in the early stages and a significant negative correlation in the later stages were observed between the amount of chlorophyll a and b in plants and a cumulative dose of de-icing salt. The amounts of free proline in plants and the dose of de-icing salt were positively correlated Over the entire period. No significant correlation in the initial stage, but a significant negative correlation in later stages was observed between the soluble protein and the dose of de-icing salt. LDs0 of this chloride agent on E. japonicus is 5 kg.（L·m2）-1 over 30 days.     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生行为观察

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的重要天敌之一。为了明确该蜂的寄生行为及雌蜂体型大小对其产卵的影响,在室内观察其寄生行为及雌蜂不同体型大小条件下的产卵情况。结果表明：日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生过程包括搜寻寄主、识别寄主、产卵器刺探、产卵、产卵后处理5个阶段。日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生时间、寄生率、平均着卵量随寄生次数增多而增加,寄生次数与卵量吻合率随寄生次数增加而降低;第1次寄生时,寄生所需时间为19.75 s,寄生率为73.12%,寄生次数与卵量吻合率为69.89%,平均着卵量为0.76粒;第3次寄生时,寄生所需时间为24.37 s,寄生率为83.33%,寄生次数与卵量吻合率仅为8.33%,平均着卵量为1.67粒。雌蜂体型大小与其产卵量呈正相关,体长小于等于1.20 mm时,产卵量及寄生率最小,分别为16.83粒和49.4%;1.40 mm<体长≤1.50 mm时产卵量为33.06粒,寄生率72.3%;而体长大于1.50 mm时产卵量达37.5粒,寄生率为72.2%;雌蜂后足胫节长对其产卵及寄生率也有类似影响,说明该蜂扩繁时应选用体型较大的雌蜂。     

基于最大熵模型的西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭栖息地差异

远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus和日本鲭Scomber japonicus作为西北太平洋的主要关联物种,研究其潜在栖息地分布以及对该海域环境变化响应的差异对管理和持续利用该渔业资源有重要的科学意义。本研究采用最大熵模型,利用2017~2021年盛鱼期(5~11月)在西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的渔业数据,结合海表面温度 sea surface temperature, SST、海表面盐度 sea surface salinity, SSS、海表面高度 sea surface height, SSH、叶绿素浓度 chlorophyll-a, Chl-a、涡旋动能 eddy kinetic energy, EKE、不同水层温度(包括50m、100m、150m、200m),通过贡献率的大小分别筛选出各月对远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭排位前三的关键因子,根据二者对各月关键环境因子的响应曲线,获得各月关键因子对二者潜在栖息地的月间变化,最终模拟出二者在5~11月的潜在栖息地分布图。结果表示,远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的潜在栖息地变动与实际作业位置具有一致性,随着月份的增加均呈现先向东北方向移动,在向西南方向折回的运动趋势,且二者各月潜在栖息地位置均大范围重叠。在6、8~10月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子均为SSH、SST、Chl-a,且适宜范围相差不大。5、7、11月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子有所不同,远东拟沙丁鱼5月的关键因子为SSH、EKE、SST,7月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,11月为EKE、SST、Chl-a,而日本鲭5月为SSH、EKE、Chl-a,7月为SST、Chl-a、SSS,11月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,各月环境因子的适宜范围不同。此外,随着月份增加日本鲭最适栖息地面积向北逐渐缩小,7和11月份面积最小,而远东拟沙丁鱼最适栖息地面积有增大趋势,11月份最适栖息地延伸到37°N以北的地区。该研究表明SSH、SST、Chl-a的变化对西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭潜在栖息地分布变化均有重要影响,而EKE、SSS是造成二者之间潜在栖息地分布变化差异的主要原因。     

Absorption of dissolved and dispersed nutrients from sea-water by Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae

This study examined the capacity of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding water. For this purpose, 48-, 81-, 124-, 160-, and 264-day-old intermoult larvae were starved for 48 h, held for 30 min to 4 h in 0.05 g L^–1 solutions or dispersions of cholesterol, peanut oil, saccharose and horseradish peroxidase in seawater, and subsequently examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. Lipids, carbohydrate, and protein were detected in either the lumen of the midgut gland tubules, the midgut gland cells, the haemolymph or in the cells of the epidermis of all larvae examined after each experimental period, with general improvement of the cell and tissue characteristics over unfed controls. The lipids were also found in the cuticle. Thus, the results provide evidence of nutrient absorption via the digestive tract, and possibly also via the integument. Structural adaptations that may be involved in the process of absorption were tentatively identified. Our observations suggest the possibility that particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be utilized by the P. japonicus phyllosoma larvae, perhaps as supplementary sources of nutrients to macroscopic diets.     

Effect of dietary inclusion of various plant ingredients as an alternative for Sargassum thunbergii on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of different plant ingredients on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber. In the first experiment, three replicate groups of the sea cucumber (average weight of 1.5 ± 0.05 g) were fed one of the seven experimental diets containing Sargassum thunbergii (CON), Undaria (UND), Laminaria (LAM), Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (BRA), fermented soybean (FSB), distillers dried grain (DDG) and rice straw powder (RIC) for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the FSB diet (0.73) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the DDG diet (0.64). The lowest SGR was observed in sea cucumber fed the CON diet (0.14). Based on the result of the first experiment, the second experiment was conducted to determine the proper level of dietary DDG for growth of juvenile sea cucumber. Three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight of 1.6 ± 0.02 g) were fed one of the five experimental diets containing different levels (g kg^?1) of DDG (DDG0, DDG10, DDG20, DDG30 and DDG40) for 12 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among the treatments (P > 0.05). The best SGR was obtained in sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet (10.1) and the value of sea cucumber fed the DDG40 diet (5.6) was the lowest (P < 0.05). The SGR of sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet did not differ from that of sea cucumber fed the DDG20 diet (P > 0.05). Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of whole body in sea cucumber among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05) did not differ significantly at both experiments. Results of two feeding trial suggest that dietary inclusion with 100 g kg^?1 FSB or 100–200 g kg^?1 DDG may improve growth of juvenile sea cucumber, and especially DDG could be used as a good ingredient for the low‐cost feed formulation.