种植密度和施肥水平对青海旱地覆膜种植甜高粱草产量及品质的影响

以甜高粱(Sorghum dochna)吉甜5号和九甜杂3号为材料,在海拔2 040m的青海旱地覆膜进行了不同种植密度(行株距分别为40cm×40cm、40cm×30cm、40cm×20cm)和追施不同尿素量(0、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对草产量及品质影响的研究。结果显示,吉甜5号和九甜杂3号两个品种在行距×株距为40cm×20cm(12.00万穴·hm~(-2))时的鲜草产量和干草产量最高,鲜草产量分别达99.75和108.17t·hm~(-2),干草产量分别达17.89和22.58t·hm~(-2);在生长中期追施150kg·hm~(-2)尿素时草产量较高,品质较好,两个品种的粗蛋白分别达5.47%和4.80%,粗脂肪分别达5.67和7.57g·kg~(-1),酸性洗涤纤维较低,综合表现良好。以上结果表明,青海旱地甜高粱种植密度为12.00万穴·hm~(-2),生长中期追施尿素150kg·hm~(-2)最为适宜。     

Effects of dietary tryptophan and stocking density on the performance,meat quality,and metabolic status of broilers

Background

Highly automated cage-rearing systems are becoming increasingly popular in China. However, a high stocking density can cause oxidative stress and decrease broiler performance. The tryptophan (TRP) derivative 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) has been shown to preserve membrane fluidity in birds suffering from oxidative stress. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary TRP supplementation on performance, breast meat quality and oxidative stress in broilers reared in cages with a high or low stocking density.

Methods

Female Arbor Acres broilers (25-d-old, n = 144) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments. The birds were fed a diet based on corn, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and corn gluten meal containing either 0.18 or 0.27% TRP and were housed with stocking densities of 11 or 15.4 birds/m² in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Broiler performance was evaluated from d 25 to 42. Eight birds from each treatment were slaughtered on d 42 and plasma and breast muscle samples were collected to measure biochemical indices.

Results

A higher stocking density tended to be associated with reduced weight gain (P < 0.10), and significantly increased plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity (P < 0.001). Increased dietary TRP significantly reduced the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and GPT while increasing total cholesterol in the plasma (P < 0.01), reducing drip loss of breast muscle (P < 0.10) and improving feed efficiency (P < 0.10).

Conclusions

An increase in dietary TRP, 1.5-fold higher than the standard supplementation level, can alleviate oxidative stress as well as improve welfare and feed efficiency in broilers reared in cages with a high stocking density.     

硒对STZ诱发糖尿病大鼠骨密度影响的研究初报

比较了在低硒饲料的基础上补充不同形态硒对糖尿病大鼠骨密度的影响。健康SD大鼠 1 2 8只 ,体重 50～ 60 g,随机分为 4组 ,每组 32只 ,雌雄各半 ,其中Ⅰ组为低硒对照组 (饲料含硒量 0 0 37mg/kg) ;Ⅱ组为补充亚硒酸钠组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅲ组为补充富硒麦芽组(饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅳ组为补充富硒酵母组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的饲料均是在Ⅰ组低硒饲料的基础上分别添加适量的亚硒酸钠、富硒麦芽、富硒酵母后配制而成。喂饲 5周后 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组用链脲佐菌素 (streptozotocin ,STZ)按 60mg/kg腹腔注射诱发糖尿病 ,继续饲喂 6周。用单光子吸收法测定各组大鼠的肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度。结果表明 :①STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度随时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ补硒组大鼠可以在一定时间内延缓STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度下降。在此期间骨密度的下降以肱骨出现最早 ,股骨次之 ,桡骨、胫骨再次之。②饲料补硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量较饲料低硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量显著提高。③补充硒的形态 ,即有机硒 (富硒麦芽、富硒酵母 )或无机硒 (亚硒酸钠 )对糖尿病大鼠肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度影响差异不显著。     

牛隐孢子虫卵囊分离和纯化方法的比较试验

运用3种粪便漂浮法、3种染色法和2种分离提纯法对10头犊牛的粪便进行卵囊检查、分离纯化，对这些方法进行比较。试验结果显示：饱和硫酸锌漂浮法结合姬姆萨氏染色法检查隐孢子虫卵囊，检出率最高、效果最佳；蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离纯化隐孢子虫卵囊。收集的卵囊最多，效果最好。     

毛条灌木草场建立方法的研究

通过对毛条灌木林进行平茬，在人工灌溉条件下观测平茬毛条生物产量的变化，认为毛条平茬后具有很强的萌蘖能力，可产生原生枝条数4．1倍的萌生枝条；每年灌溉1次，灌水量1050m^3／hm^2，既可维持平茬毛条林的正常生长；在4株／m^2的密度条件下，平茬毛条的年产草量(干质量)可达538g／m^2，植被盖度可达78％以上，达到了经济效益和生态效益的共同提高；根据平茬毛条的生长变化规律，可初步确定冬春季节和夏季干旱时期为毛条灌木草场适宜的放牧时间。     

青海省森林林下草本层化学计量特征及其碳储量

为阐明青海省森林生态系统林下草本层化学计量特征和碳密度分布格局,基于2011年青海森林资源野外样方调查和室内分析,评估了青海省7个优势种(白桦、白杨、红桦、青杄、山杨、圆柏、云杉)林下草本层的化学计量特征(C、N、P;C∶N、C∶P、N∶P)以及碳密度的差异。同时,估算了青海省7个优势种林下草本层碳储量大小。结果表明,草本层地上碳含量圆柏林[(419.9±1.44) g·kg^-1]显著高于其他林型,但是地下碳含量[(364.6±8.33) g·kg^-1]显著低于其他林型;氮含量均表现出圆柏和云杉林显著高于其他林型;磷含量在不同林型间差异不显著。圆柏林和云杉林林下草本层C∶N、C∶P显著低于其他林型,而N∶P显著高于其他林型。此外,林下草本层地上和地下生物量、碳密度均表现出圆柏林显著高于其他林型。根据青海省7种优势树种化学计量特征与碳密度的相关性分析,发现草本层碳密度与其化学计量特征有相关性,可以根据碳含量推算碳密度。将海拔作为环境因子考虑,发现圆柏和云杉林下草本层碳密度分布于较高海拔,其他树种则分布于较低海拔。因此,理解养分元素在草本层“地上-地下部分”之间的生态化学计量特征,以及估算草本层的碳储量,对于揭示青海省森林生态系统的养分状况和生物化学循环过程极为重要。     

The effects of enrofloxacin on canine tendon cells and chondrocytes proliferation <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic has been used widely in humans and domestic animals, including dogs, because of its broad-spectrum activity and relative safety. The side effects of fluoroquinolone, induced tendinopathy, tendonitis, spontaneous tendon rupture and cartilage damage, remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of enrofloxacin on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in canine Achilles tendon cells and chondrocytes. Cell growth and proliferation after treating with enrofloxacin for 2–6 days was quantified by a colorimetric 2,3-bis{2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl}-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt (XTT) assay. The results showed that enrofloxacin could inhibit the proliferation of canine tendon cells and chondrocytes at increasing concentrations (10–200 μg/ml). The inhibition of proliferation of canine tendon cells and chondrocytes after exposure to enrofloxacin were associated with induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by the typical nuclear apoptotic condensed nuclei found using Hoechst 33258 staining. It was demonstrated that canine tendon cells and chondrocytes treated with 200 μg/ml enrofloxacin for 4 days exhibited apoptotic features and fragmentation of DNA. Enrofloxacin also increased the apoptosis of canine tendon cells and chondrocytes in a dose and time-dependent manner. The results indicate that enrofloxacin inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and DNA fragmentation, which might explain enrofloxacin-induced tendinopathy and cartilage damage.     

东祁连山不同高寒草地类型土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度特征

在青藏高原东祁连山以杜鹃灌丛、高山柳灌丛、金露梅灌丛、珠芽蓼草甸、禾草草地、沼泽草地和嵩草草地为研究对象,对土壤理化性质和土壤碳、氮、磷密度进行了研究.结果表明:2005年土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度分别介于4.66kg/m2～6.63 kg/m2、 0.31kg/m2～0.59 kg/m2和0.07kg/m2～0.16kg/m2,2006年分别介于5.27kg/m2～6.84kg/m2、0.40kg/m2～0.51 kg/m2和0.10kg/m2～0.20kg/m2;土壤碳、氮和磷密度受植物群落和根系分布特征影响,样地间及土层间差异明显.