尖鳍鲤的肌肉基本营养成分和脂肪酸组成

使用常规营养测试方法,测定尖鳍鲤的肌肉营养成分.结果表明,其水分含量为79.29(±1.54)％,粗蛋白含量为16.77(±0.31)％,粗脂肪含量为2.48(±0.1 1)％,粗灰分含量为1.54(±0.1 1)％.使用GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联合)技术,对尖鳍鲤的肌肉脂肪酸成分进行分析,研究各组分脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比重.结果表明,尖鳍鲤肌肉中共分离和鉴定出18种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SAF)8种,分别是2-己基-环丙烷辛酸、月桂酸、12-甲基十三烷酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、珠光脂酸和硬脂酸;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)4种,占总脂肪酸的40.4％,分别是9-十六烯酸、9-十八烯酸、11-十八烯酸和11-二十碳烯酸;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)6种,分别为9,12-十八碳二烯酸、11,14-二十碳二烯酸、α-亚麻酸、11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸和DHA,占总脂肪酸比重的17.0％.     

Reciprocal hybrids of tench Tinca tinca (L.) × bream Abramis brama (L.), and tench × carp Cyprinus carpio L., and some characteristics of their early development

Reciprocal hybrids between tench Tinca tinca (L.) and carp Cyprinus carpio L., and tench and bream Abramis brama (L.) were produced artificially. The survival of all these hybrids during embryogenesis was quite high. The highest survival rate (over 60%) at the eyed stage was observed for tench and bream hybrids (both sex combinations). The hatching rates of these hybrids were also over 60%. The number of larvae with some abnormalities (i.e. deformed body) was low. In contrast, the hatching rates of tench and carp hybrids were very low (0.2%). From over 1000 fertilized eggs, only three specimens started swimming, and only one specimen survived to juvenile stage. Embryos of hybrids and their parental species differ in morphological features. These differences were also visible in the juveniles. Body parameters of juvenile hybrids produced from three species had intermediate values in comparison to parental fish.     

Changes in mitochondrial fatty acid composition following temperature acclimation of carp and their possible effects on FoF1-ATPase activity

Carp undergo temperature acclimation of respiratory function by altering mitochondrial ATP synthase (F_oF₁-ATPase) both quantitatively and qualitatively (Itoi et al. 2003). To address such acclimation temperature-dependent changes of F_oF₁-ATPase activity, we investigated in this study the correlation between the fatty acid composition and F_oF₁-ATPase activity in fast muscle of thermally acclimated carp. The quantities of saturated fatty acids of mitochondria from carp acclimated to 10 °C were significantly lower than those of carp acclimated to 30 °C. While mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids tended to increase with cold acclimation of carp, the molar concentration of 16:0 aldehyde in mitochondria from the 10 °C-acclimated carp were less than those from the 30 °C-acclimated fish. The specific activities of F_oF₁-ATPase in the 10 °C- and 30 °C-acclimated fish mitochondria were calculated to be 167±22 and 56±10 nmol/min ⋅ mg mitochondrial protein, respectively, the difference being significant at P<0.005. Taken together, the increase in F_oF₁-ATPase activity in fast muscle mitochondria of carp after cold temperature acclimation may be closely related to the increase of unsaturated fatty acids in mitochondria. Abbreviations: BSA - bovine serum albumin; DHA - docosahexaenoic acid; EGTA - ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid; EPA - eicosapentaenoic acid; F_oF₁-ATPase - mitochondrial ATP synthase; α-F₁-ATPase - F_oF₁-ATPase α-subunit; β-F₁-ATPase - F_oF₁-ATPase β-subunit; HEPES - 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid; SDS - sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS-PAGE - SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of d-Lys6 salmon sGnRH alone and in combination with domperidone on the spawning of common carp during the late spawning season

The effect of [d-Lys6] salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone alone (sGnRH) and in combination with domperidone, a dopamine antagonist, on the spawning of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was investigated during the late spawning season (when mature fish stop spawning under natural conditions when males and females are put together). Fish were induced to spawn by [d-Lys6]-sGnRH salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (sGnRH-X) only when injected in combination with domperidone at doses of 10 g kg-1 and 20 mg kg-1 body weight respectively. [d-Lys6]-sGnRH-X alone did not induce spawning at a dose as high as 100 g kg-1 body weight. Fish injected with domperidone alone did not spawn either. These results demonstrate that [d-Lys6]-sGnRH-X in combination with a dopamine antagonist is effective in inducing spawning during the late spawning season.     

喹乙醇对鲤肝胰脏抗氧化酶系统的影响

用含不同剂量喹乙醇(0～3200mg·kg-1)的饲料饲喂鲤,分别对鲤在摄食3、6、9和12周时肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH px)等抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T AOC)进行了测定。结果表明,SOD活性随饲料喹乙醇剂量的升高总体上呈升高的趋势,试验时间对各个处理组的SOD酶活性影响不大。饲料中喹乙醇对GSH px活性的影响较小,其剂量达1600mg·kg-1以上时GSH-px酶活性变化明显,主要表现为诱导效应。饲料中喹乙醇剂量的改变大体上不对MDA含量产生影响,且随时间的延长,除3200mg·kg-1组外,其余各实验组的MDA含量都有所降低。随喹乙醇剂量的增加和实验时间的延长,T AOC均呈现降低的趋势,其中以1600和3200mg·kg-1组的下降幅度最大。结果提示,高剂量下喹乙醇对抗氧化酶活性影响较大,并伴随着机体抗氧化能力的减弱。     

甘草提取物对叔丁基氢过氧化物(t-BHP)诱导的建鲤原代培养肝细胞损伤的保护作用

以肝(细胞)损伤为主要特征的鱼类肝胆综合症是水产养殖中日趋严重的病害之一,目前还没有有效的防治措施.本研究拟以叔丁基氢过氧化物(t-BHP)构建建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)原代肝细胞损伤模型,并利用该模型评价甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra)提取物对t-BHP诱导的鱼类急性肝细胞损伤的保护作用.1 mmol/L的t-BHP与原代肝细胞共培养2h能显著提高肝细胞培养上清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,显著降低谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量以及肝细胞增殖活性.在t-BHP诱导肝细胞损伤前(前处理)、损伤后(后处理)、损伤前和损伤后(前后处理)将不同浓度(0.1、0.2和0.4 mg/mL)的甘草提取物加入肝细胞培养液中,与肝细胞共培养2h,结果显示,前后处理时,不同浓度(0.1、0.2和0.4 mg/mL)的甘草提取物均能显著抑制t-BHP诱导的GOT、GPT、LDH和MDA水平的升高,恢复GSH-Px和SOD水平;前处理时,高浓度(0.4 mg/mL)的甘草提取物对抑制GOT、GPT、LDH和MDA水平的升高,恢复GSH-Px水平有显著效果;后处理时,只有高浓度(0.4 mg/mL)的甘草提取物能有效提高GSH-Px活性;中浓度和高浓度(0.2和0.4mg/mL)的甘草提取物在前处理、后处理及前后处理时均能显著提高肝细胞的增殖活力.研究的结果表明,中药与损伤剂的给予顺序影响着甘草提取物对肝细胞的保护作用,前后处理时甘草提取物对损伤肝细胞的保护效果明显优于前处理和后处理.研究证实了甘草提取物对t-BHP诱导的鱼类肝细胞损伤具有保护作用,对应用甘草提取物作为鱼类肝胆综合症的防治药物还需要进一步的在体研究.     

鲤鱼出血性腐败病的研究

本研究从病因学、病理学、流行病学、防治方法四方面进行了研究,证实了引发该病发生的原因是多方面的。导致该病发生死亡的原因是由于各种因素刺激,引起鱼体非特异性免疫能力下降,条件致病菌继发性感染,并在其体内释放毒素,最终引起鱼体死亡;揭示了造成该病发生死亡的机理为细菌在鱼体内大量繁殖并释放毒素,造成鱼的出血性败血症,而细菌与鱼体发生特异性反应,产生的免疫复合物在血管壁沉积,引发血管炎型变态反应加速其死亡;初步摸清了该病的传播途径和流行的一般规律;提出了以预防为主,防治结合的综合防治措施,以加强养殖管理为主,药物治疗为辅的综合防治方法,提出了对已发病池塘采取综合诊断,找出病因,去除病因并辅以合理药物的综合治疗方案。     

敌百虫对泥鳅·鲤鱼的急性毒性

用双效速溶敌百虫为试验药物 ,对泥鳅、鲤鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明 :泥鳅半致死浓度为 3 .4mg/L ,安全浓度为 0 .3 4mg/L ;鲤鱼半致死浓度为 1.5mg/L ,安全浓度为 0 .15mg/L。试验验证了敌百虫对泥鳅、鲤鱼的毒副作用较强 ,敌百虫对泥鳅的最低致死浓度为 2mg/L ,对鲤鱼的最低致死浓度为 1mg/L ,说明泥鳅比鲤鱼的抗药性强。中毒症状主要表现为焦躁不安、上下窜动、呼吸减弱、鱼体弯曲、翻肚且倒挂于水中的神经中毒现象 ;检查可见 ,鳃丝淤血、鳍部充血、眼球突出、嘴大张。     

黄芩素对鲤鱼健康及生长的影响

为了研究黄芩素对鲤鱼的抗氧化能力、生理生化指标及生长的影响,选取体重(55.5±3.43)g,体长(13.0±0.55)cm的健康鲤鱼120尾于室内循环水养殖系统中进行6周的饲养试验并进行相关测定,以评估检验黄芩素对鲤鱼健康状况及生长的影响.黄芩素组投喂每1 kg基础饲料中添加0.5 g黄芩素的试验饲料,对照组只投喂基础饲料.结果表明,黄芩素组鲤鱼的肝胰脏抗氧化指标与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P﹥0.05);血清的谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及红细胞最大脆性均显著大于对照组(P﹤0.05);血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、甘油三脂(TG)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞数(RBC)、生长指标与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P﹥0.05).黄芩素以0.5 g·kg-1的浓度水平作为添加剂饲喂鲤鱼,对鲤鱼的健康状况产生了负面作用,且对生长无显著影响.研究结果提示,在使用中草药添加剂时应注意其可能产生的副作用.     

4种重金属对松浦鲤生长及组织的影响

采用汞、镉、铜、锌4种重金属对松浦鲤(Cyprinus carpio Songpu carp)进行不同时间、不同浓度的中毒试验，分别测定其生长速度及组织的损伤程度。试验表明当汞在5μg／L、镉在20μg／L浓度作用10d以下时其组织未发生病变，且对松浦鲤生长有促进作用。随着试验浓度增高、时间的延长，即汞在10μg／L以上，镉在20μg／L20d以上，生长受到抑制。同时随汞、镉试验浓度的不断增高，鳃、肾组织发生了不同阶段的病变：首先鳃组织分泌的粘液增多，继而出现鳃血管扩张、出血，呼吸上皮肿胀；上皮细胞增生，鳃丝呈棍棒状，相邻几条鳃丝发生融合，形成一片细胞板，一些鳃小片细胞脱离，病状严重时造成鳃小片坏死、解体。肾组织上的肾小球萎缩，肾拟淋巴组织坏死，而铜、锌重金属对各组织及各重金属对肝组织未造成病变。