The in vitro effect of CpG-ODNs on the innate immune response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within bacterial DNA or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can activate immune cells. A panel of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides was evaluated in vitro for their ability to enhance the innate immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In vitro addition of CpG-ODNs enhanced the phagocytic activity and superoxide anion production of stimulated kidney phagocytes. The CpG-ODNs also induced lymphocyte proliferation in the fish kidney cells. The ODNs containing multiple CpGs generally resulted in greater stimulatory capacity, although CpGs located at the terminus of an ODN were ineffective. These results indicated that CpG-ODNs enhance the innate immune response of common carp.     

鲤鱼肺炎克雷伯氏菌分离与鉴定

初步了解肺炎克雷伯氏菌在鲤鱼鱼体中的发病机制并筛选防治药物,为预防和治疗该病提供准确实验数据。对发病鲤鱼进行细菌分离纯化,通过革兰氏染色反应,生理生化反应测定单菌落特性,进行细菌回归试验和药敏试验。对注射菌液后发病的鱼进行细菌再分离,得到革兰氏阴性菌,并且与七叶苷及其它17种指标反应呈阳性,与戊二酰-甘氨酸-精氨酸-AMC及其它11种指标反应呈阴性,注射该菌液48 h后鱼体出现与疑似病例相同病症。分离得到的细菌,按《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》进行鉴定,确定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。药敏试验结果表明该菌对亚胺培南等6种药物高度敏感。本试验首次从鲤鱼体内分离出肺炎克雷伯氏菌,并得到6种高度敏感的药物,同时阐明了肺炎克雷伯氏菌在鲤鱼中发病症状。     

氨电极在鳙鱼和鲢鱼鲜度质量评定上的应用

本研究选用Orion95-12型氨电极对在-3℃、0℃和5℃保藏过程中的鳙鱼和鲢鱼鲜度质鼙进行测定，同时与康维(Conway)法测定结果进行比较，考察这两种方法测定结果的相互关系。研究中也将上述两种理化测定方法与细菌学测定方法进行对比，进一步验证其相互关系。研究结果表明各批样品用氨电极法测定的粗氨氮值与Conway’s法测定的挥发性盐基氮值相关系数在0.9521～0.9895之间，相关极显著；而理化指标与细菌学指标的相关系数在0.8143～0.9178之间，相关也显著。氨电极法具有测定结果可靠、设备规模小、价格便宜、操作简便和测定速度快等优点。推荐此法作为生产现场或研究机构对鱼类鲜度质量进行控制的检测方法。     

新品种高寒鲤的选育

从１９７９年开始，用了约１５年时间，采用杂交和雌核发育上结合的方法，成本地将黑龙江野鲤的耐低温，荷包红鲤耐高密度养殖和镜鲤生长快等优良性状综合到三杂交种中，建立了Ⅰ，Ⅱ两个选育系，再用它们与野鲤和镜鲤回交，从６个回交种中选出２个与Ⅰ，Ⅱ两个雌核发育系组合成合成系并系统选育到Ｆ７，育成抗寒力达９７．６％，生长速度比当地养殖鲤快近一倍的高寒鲤。     

鲤鱼源粪肠球菌的体外抑菌试验研究

为证明益生菌候选菌株具有益生特性,将筛选的鲤鱼源粪肠球菌YL-1进行体外抑菌试验。结果发现,YL-1对病原菌嗜水气单胞菌有较强的抑菌作用;通过对YL-1上清液进行热处理,蛋白酶处理,中和酸等方式分析发现,其抑菌物质主要是对有机酸和胰蛋白酶敏感的一类物质。     

盐酸氯苯胍在异育银鲫体内的药代动力学研究

盐酸氯苯胍是防治鲫孢子虫病的常用药。为了给鲫养殖过程中的临床科学用药提供理论依据,在水温为(25±1)℃时,分别用20、30和40 mg/kg的剂量口灌质量为(120±10) g的异育银鲫,利用高效液相色谱法测定ROBH在其肾脏、肝脏、血液、肌肉等4种组织的药时曲线。结果显示,3种剂量给药下,异育银鲫各组织中的ROBH药时曲线均呈双峰现象。不同剂量的药物在异育银鲫血液中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积分别为:20 mg/kg,T_(max)=2. 3 h,C_(max)=0. 55 mg/L,AUC=9. 35 [(mg/L)·h]; 30 mg/kg,T_(max)=2. 1 h,C_(max)=0. 73 mg/L,AUC=13. 02 [(mg/L)·h]; 40 mg/kg,T_(max)=2. 2 h,C_(max)=1. 17 mg/L,AUC=13. 98[(mg/L)·h]。给药剂量相同时,ROBH在异育银鲫各组织中的药时曲线下面积呈现肾脏、肝脏、血液、肌肉由大到小的排列顺序。清除速率显示,ROBH在肌肉中清除最慢,其次是血液。ROBH在肾脏和肝脏中具有一定蓄积作用,主要表现在药物含量高、MRT值偏大。本实验条件下,ROBH在异育银鲫体内的休药期不低于9 d。但考虑到实际养殖情况和天气原因,临床休药期可根据实际情况适当延长。本文系首次在大宗淡水鱼中报道ROBH的药代规律,为包括鲫在内的大宗淡水鱼养殖科学用药提供一定的理论指导。     

Nutritional studies on rats and fish (carp Cyprinus carpio) fed diets containing unheated and heated Jatropha curcas meal of a non-toxic provenance

Unheated and heated (121 ^°C, 66% moisture; 15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meals of non-toxic provenance from Veracruz state in Mexico were evaluated using rats and fish. With rats, the weight gain was highest for the casein diet followed by heated (30 min; only this treatment was studied using rats) and unheated Jatropha meal containing diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets was 37 and 86%, respectively, of the casein diet. On the other hand, the body weight gain, PER and feed conversion ratio of fish were statistically similar for unheated and heated (15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meal containing diets fed for a period of 35 days. Although these parameters were statistically similar for the unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets, the body weight gain, PER and protein productive value were highest and the feed conversion ratio lowest with 15 min heated Jatropha meal, suggesting that the heat treatment for 15 min is optimal for the meal. Trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities decreased drastically (>83 and 99%, respectively) after 30 and 45 min of heat treatment and after 15 min, the residual lectin activity was negligible and the residual trypsin inhibitor activity was 34%. These results, together with the nutritional parameters investigated, imply that Jatropha trypsin inhibitors and lectins do not have any adverse effects on carp at least up to 35 days of feeding. The nutritional value of Jatropha meal of the non-toxic provenance is high, and potential exists for its incorporation into the diets of monogastrics, fish and possibly humans.     

鲤鱼嗜水气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]分离、鉴定鲤鱼嗜水气单胞菌。[方法]从具有典型细菌性败血症症状的病鱼或濒死鱼中分离到2株优势菌,经分离培养、人工感染试验、毒力因子和16S rRNA基因序列的测定,研究分离菌的形态、生理生化特征及致病性。[结果]分离到的2株优势菌的菌落形态特征基本一致,经鉴定,确认为嗜水气单胞菌。无菌滤液试验表明,鲤鱼细菌性败血症不是由病毒引起的。腹腔注射分离菌菌悬液的鱼在7 d内全部死亡,人工感染试验的症状与自然发病相似,且再次感染后又可分离到该菌株。分离提纯的致病菌株产生了β-溶血环,经蛋白酶试验为阳性。16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析发现同源性为98%。[结论]嗜水气单胞菌是鲤鱼细菌性败血症的致病菌。     

鲤鱼急性喹乙醇中毒的病理学研究

试验对鲤鱼进行了喹乙醇急性中毒的病理学研究。喹乙醇对鲤鱼 (60± 5g)口服给药的LD50 为 :32 4 9 4mg/kg体重。中毒鱼表现出特征性的“应激性出血症” ,鳍条基部、嘴部和腹部充血、出血发红 ,肠道排出白色半透明粘液便 ,临死前出现明显的神经症状。病理组织学上 ,肝脂肪变性或水泡变性及凝固性坏死 ,肾上腺空泡变性 ,肠呈卡他性肠炎 ,肾小管上皮细胞、心肌纤维空泡变性 ;鳃小片水肿 ,上皮增生、变性、坏死和脱落。超微结构上 ,心肌、肝和肾小管上皮细胞的线粒体肿胀 ,嵴断裂、溶解 ,肝细胞内糖原颗粒减少。中毒早期肠上皮微绒毛断裂 ,脱落 ,随着病程的发展肠上皮细胞变性、坏死、脱落。     

低pH水平对鱼类生理生化效应的影响研究

本文研究了低pH水平对鱼类血液电解质,血糖浓度和鳃组织酶活力影响。实验结果表明：低pH水平对鲤鱼血液K^ 的含量明显高于正常水平,Na^ 含量明显低于正常值,低pH为4．5－5．0时,鲤鱼血糖明显升高,体重下降,抑制生长,pH值为6．0时,21天起Na^ -K^ -ATPase酶活力明显下降,并有显著抑制作用（P＜0．05）,历经30天有极显著抑制作用（P＜0．01）;pH值6．0加铝时,21天有极显著抑制（P＜0．01）,抑制作用达到75％,pH5.5-5.0加铝时14天有极显著抑制（P＜0．01）,抑制作用达到100％,pH4.5-4.0加铝时7天同样有极显著抑制（P＜0．01）,抑制作用达到100％。