土壤团聚体中有机碳研究进展

增加土壤有机碳有助于农业可持续发展, 同时对缓解温室气体增加造成的全球气候变暖等具有重要意义。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分, 影响土壤的各种物理化学性质。土壤团聚体和有机碳是不可分割的, 前者是后者存在的场所, 后者是前者存在的胶结物质。本文在综合各方面研究的基础上, 阐述了土壤团聚体和有机碳的依存关系, 影响团聚体固碳的几大因素, 团聚体对有机碳的物理保护机制以及目前应用比较广泛的团聚体内有机碳的研究方法, 为以后的研究提供理论和方法上的支持。     

褐土中铁的氧化还原与碳素转化

采用泥浆厌氧恒温培养的方法,研究了光照对旱作褐土中氧化铁的厌氧还原过程的影响,探讨了土壤中铁氧化物的还原-氧化过程与碳素转化的关系。结果表明,旱作褐土中游离铁氧化物的55.31%可在厌氧避光条件下发生还原,厌氧光照条件下游离铁氧化物的还原率最大仅为38.90%,还原产生的Fe(Ⅱ)可能被蓝细菌中的鱼腥蓝细菌属光合过程产生的氧氧化,40 d培养后其游离铁氧化物还原率低至7.95%。厌氧避光条件下培养40 d后土壤中水溶性总碳、无机碳含量分别增加了69%和246%,厌氧光照条件下水溶性总碳和无机碳则呈现先增加后降低的趋势,40 d培养后仅为反应前的47%和70%。水溶性总碳和无机碳含量分别与Fe(T)和Fe(Ⅱ)含量呈极显著线性正相关关系。     

红壤旱地和稻田土壤中有机底物的分解与转化研究

^14 C标记葡萄糖和稻草为底物,室内培养法研究在相同水分条件下,红壤旱地和稻田土壤中新鲜有机物的分解与转化的差异,以及对土壤原有有机碳矿化的影响.在100 d内葡萄糖^14C在旱地和稻田土壤中的累积矿化率分别为49.6%和46.7%,稻草^14C为25.2%和21.8%;两种底物对土壤原有有机碳分解产生的＂激发效应＂和对土壤微生物生物量碳（BC）的影响均以旱地土壤大于稻田土壤.在旱地和稻田土壤中葡萄糖^14C转化为土壤BC的最大比率分别为23.5%和21.6%,稻草^14C分别为10.4%和11.3%.根据添加^14C标记葡萄糖处理中^14C标记微生物生物量碳（14C-BC）的变化,得到旱地和稻田土壤BC的周转时间分别为329 d 和127 d.这些结果表明在含水量为45%饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,有机底物在旱地土壤中的分解快于稻田土壤,但稻田土壤BC的周转速率快于旱地土壤.     

长期施肥对土壤生物活性有机碳库的影响

采用土壤培养实验方法,研究了25年施肥对平凉黑垆土土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)的影响。结果表明:土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)以施用有机肥处理显著增大,其中以S+NP处理最高,达1071.00μg/g,M+NP处理为940.85μg/g,M处理为776.90μg/g,分别比CK增加1.86倍、1.51倍和1.07倍,单施N肥处理对土壤生物活性有机碳库影响不大,为399.10μg/g,仅比CK增加6.4%,NP配合处理为621.60μg/g,比CK增加65.76%。增施有机肥料可明显增大土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0),NP化肥配合施用也有良好效果,N肥单施无明显作用。土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的百分比为2.70%～6.34%,生物活性有机碳库的周转速率(K)为0.0223～0.0301d-1,生物活性有机碳库在土壤中的半周转期(T1/2)为22.55～31.09d。土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)与土壤全氮呈极显著性正相关,与总有机碳(TOC)呈显著性正相关。     

华北落叶松人工林碳汇功能的研究

以河北省木兰林管局14～59年生华北落叶松人工林为对象, 研究树木不同器官和林分不同组分水平的生物量与碳储量.结果表明, 华北落叶松树干碳储量在树木总储量中所占比重最大, 林地土壤和林木碳储量所占林分碳储量的比重最大.华北落叶松人工林林分碳密度为平均206.02 t·hm-2;林木碳密度为27.58 t·hm-2, 林地土壤碳密度为157.14 t·hm-2.以林木蓄积量(M)为基础的林木生物量(W)与碳储量(C)的拟合方程为:W =10.210 1+ 0.732 1M, C=5.188 4+0.373 6M;以林龄(A)和优势木平均高(H)为基础的林地土壤碳密度(Soc)拟合方程为:Soc=-24.635 6-5.606 1A+14.936 0H+0.439 8AH.在此基础上计算得出, 木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林总碳储量约为571.43×104 t, 其中林木生物量约150.00×104 t、碳储量约为76.49×104 t, 土壤碳储量约435.85×104 t.     

FACE条件下冬小麦的光合适应

利用开放式CO2浓度升高（Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment）系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL·L^-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳熟期,FACE圈内的小麦叶片在短时间高CO2浓度下初始出现的光合速率增强逐渐减弱或消失,即FACE圈内的小麦叶片表现出对高CO2浓度的光合适应现象。低氮、常规施氮水平下均发现了小麦旗叶的光合适应现象,但是光合适应现象与施氮量没有显著的线性关系。另外,研究发现,FACE系统中,冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素含量降低,这可能是导致FACE系统中小麦叶片出现光合适应现象的原因。     

不同浓度葡萄糖添加对黑土氨基酸转化的影响

通过室内培养方式,研究不同浓度葡萄糖与无机氮肥(NH4)2SO4配施对土壤微生物将无机态氮转化为氨基酸态氮过程的影响。结果表明:和单施(NH4)2SO4培养相比,葡萄糖与(NH4)2SO4配合施用显著提高了土壤微生物将无机态氮向氨基酸态氮转化的程度,高浓度葡萄糖的添加更有利于无机态氮的同化。同样培养条件下NH4+-N、NO3--N和微生物量氮的数据表明,添加碳源明显降低了土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量,而微生物量氮量明显提高。表明活性碳源的加入明显提高土壤微生物活性,起到调控土壤微生物将无机态N转化为氨基酸态氮速率和容量的作用。     

Microbial response time to sugar and amino acid additions to soil

Soil microbial respiration is derived predominantly from the turnover of carbohydrates and proteins in soil. In most agricultural ecosystems, these C compounds enter soil mainly from rhizodeposition (root exudation and turnover). Our aim was to determine how long it takes for the microbial population to reach their maximum mineralization potential after the addition of low-molecular-weight (MW) rhizodeposits to the soil. We added sugar in the form of glucose and amino acids in the form of glycine to an arable, grazed grassland, Eucalyptus forest and boreal forest soil and monitored CO₂ efflux over a 6-h period. Artificial rainwater amended (zero C addition) or unamended soils were used as controls. The Michaelis-Menten substrate utilization profiles showed vastly different patterns of microbial mineralization capacity and substrate affinity between the soils. However, in all soils we showed that activation of the soil microbial community to C addition occurred almost instantaneously (?60 s) with the average time taken to reach half maximal CO₂ production being 14±8 min for glucose and 10±8 min for glycine. After reaching their maximal mineralization potential, the rate of CO₂ evolution remained constant for the remainder of the experiment. Our results showed that while substrate uptake and mineralization within the soil microbial biomass was activated quickly, subsequent adaptation and upregulation of its C processing capacity did not occur at least in the short term. The fast rate of microbial activation and substrate use we partially attribute to the large degree of functional redundancy that exists within the soil microbial community for processing rhizodeposits.     

Priming effects in soil size fractions of a podzol Bs horizon after addition of fructose and alanine

It is well known that the addition of easily available substrates to soils can affect microbial activity and thus the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Up to now, little is known about the processes leading to these priming effects and which fractions of organic matter (OM) are affected. The objectives of this study were to determine if SOC associated with isolated soil size fractions showed different susceptibility to priming effects, whether these pools are easily depleted, or whether the amount of substrate addition affects the extent of priming effects. In an incubation experiment, the effect of the uniformly ¹⁴C‐labeled substrates fructose and alanine on the mineralization of the SOC of a Bs horizon of a Haplic Podzol was investigated. The soil sample was fractionated into the three soil size fractions sand, silt, and clay by a mild sonication followed by sieving and sedimentation. Additionally, nonfractionated soil of the horizon was included in the experiment. Every soil sample received four substrate additions repeated at weekly intervals with 3.325 μg substrate‐C (mg SOC)^–1 and a final addition of 13.3 μg substrate‐C (mg SOC)^–1 after 4 weeks. The respiration was determined hourly and ¹⁴CO₂ was analyzed every 2, 4, and 7 d after the respective substrate addition. After 56 d, between 42% and 58% of the added substrates had been mineralized. Both substrates strongly increased the mineralization of the OM in all fractions (positive priming effects). The priming effects were always higher after the addition of the high substrate dose than during the first 4 weeks when four small doses were added. In general, the priming effects increased with decreasing particle size. Alanine generally caused higher priming effects than fructose in the soil size fractions (up to 280% vs. 231%, respectively). This indicates that alanine serves not only as an energy substrate but also as a N source and, thus, also promotes microbial growth. The strong priming effects in the silt and clay fraction (133% and 125% with fructose, 172% and 168% with alanine) showed, that not only the labile pool of OM is affected, but also a more stable pool characterized by higher ¹⁴C ages. We assume that the stability of the OM in these fractions is not only due to recalcitrance or to interactions with the minerals, but that it may also be caused by a substrate limitation of the degrading microorganisms.     

Carbon dioxide fluxes from cyanobacteria crusted soils in the Kalahari

The surface of dryland soils is frequently characterised by a biological crust comprising of various combinations of cyanobacteria, algae, moss and lichens. In the Kalahari of Botswana, soil crusts are predominantly made up of cyanobacteria, which when moist, are capable of fixing N and C. Many cyanobacteria also produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which bind soil particles together and decrease erodibility. The physical integrity and metabolic activity of soil crusts is thus critical to ecological productivity, erodibility and CO₂ fluxes in dryland regions. There are, however, few studies of the magnitude and controlling factors of soil CO₂ flux within these systems.

Our aim was to quantify in situ soil CO₂ flux during contrasting antecedent moisture conditions in the south west Kalahari of Botswana. We have designed a gas exchange chamber for field deployment coupled to a portable gas chromatograph, control and data logging instrumentation. The optical and active thermal control specifications of the chamber have been designed to permit photosynthesis and cope with the temperature extremes of the Kalahari whilst minimizing disturbance to the cyanobacteria soil crust. This approach has enabled CO₂ fluxes to be monitored in situ with a high degree of precision for extended periods.

In August 2005, when the surface and subsoils were dry, the ambient CO₂ efflux was negative and low during the daytime (−6.15 mg C m² h⁻¹). When 8 mm rainfall equivalent of water was added to the surface there was an immediate uptake of CO₂ during the daytime at rates up to 75 mg C m² h⁻¹ demonstrating that rates of net photosynthesis are greatly enhanced by available moisture. In contrast, in May 2006 following a prolonged wet period when the subsoil was moist, there was a net positive efflux of CO₂ from the soil at rates of up to 60 mg C m² h⁻¹ irrespective of whether the surface soil was moist or not. This is consistent with subsoil heterotrophic bacterial respiration becoming an important contributor to soil efflux.