Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr (mean start weight 50 g) were reared in freshwater (FW) and exposed to three levels of oxygen saturation measured in effluent water; control group (93% O₂, LO₂), medium (111% O₂, MO₂) and high (123% O₂, HO₂). Further three groups were exposed to similar water oxygen levels in combination with elevated carbon dioxide levels (17–18 mg L^– 1 CO₂), named LO₂–CO₂, MO₂–CO₂ and HO₂–CO₂, respectively. The experiment was run in duplicate tanks for 42 days, and the fish were subsequently transferred to the same seawater (SW) regime for 45 days for an assessment of post-smolt growth. As a consequence of the CO₂ addition, tank pH levels in the FW period were reduced from 6.7 to 5.9 for the hypercapnia groups compared to for the normcapnia groups. Water temperature in FW ranged between 6.4 and 9.0 °C. Citrate was added to the water to complex labile aluminium.In the CO₂ groups observed ventilation frequencies were significantly increased compared to the control (p < 0.05). This difference declined towards the end of the FW period, suggesting acclimation to elevated CO₂. The degree of oxygenation appeared to contribute to the acclimation as the lowest mean ventilation frequency on day 36 was found in the HO₂–CO₂ group and the highest in the LO₂–CO₂ group. Lower plasma chloride and sodium levels were observed in the CO₂ groups relative to the respective oxygenation groups during the FW period, while plasma chloride and sodium levels were normalised to equal levels for all groups after 44 days in SW. No significant differences were found among treatments for blood concentrations of red blood cells, haemoglobin, potassium and glucose during the experiment.By termination of the FW period, the HO₂ group had significantly higher body weight than all other groups (p < 0.05), with specific growth rate significantly higher than the CO₂ groups (p < 0.05). Further, the condition factor was significantly lower in all the CO₂ groups at the end of the FW period compared to the control and normcapnia groups (p < 0.05). Although variable among replicates, occurrence of nephrocalcinosis was 10 times higher in the hypercapnia groups than in the control and normcapnia groups. Mortality was negligible (< 2.0%) during the trial, and most of the mortality occurred following SW transfer.     

双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)典型自然栖息地的沉积环境特征

在山东沿海选取了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)的典型栖息地——河口潮间带,通过测定、分析不同潮区(高潮区、中潮区和低潮区)和同一潮区不同深度(5 cm、15 cm、25 cm和50 cm)沉积物中H2S、有机物、碳、氮、含水率以及粒度等指标,对其沉积环境特征进行了研究.结果显示,高潮区沉积物H2S浓度显著低于其他2个潮区(P＜0.05),25 cm深度处的沉积物H2S浓度显著高于其他深度(P＜0.05).3个不同潮区的间隙水中H2S浓度和含水率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),不同深度沉积物的间隙水中H2S浓度和含水率也无显著性差异(P＞0.05).低潮区有机物含量和氮含量显著低于中潮区和高潮区(P＜0.05),不同潮区之间的碳含量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),不同深度的沉积物中有机物含量、氮含量和碳含量随深度的增加而逐渐升高.粉砂在3个潮区以及各个潮区不同深度的沉积物中所占的比例均为最大,砂所占比例最小.低潮区沉积物的中值粒径显著高于其他2个潮区(P＜0.05),而不同深度沉积物的中值粒径无显著差异(P＞0.05).实验显示,本研究所选取的双齿围沙蚕典型自然栖息地沉积物中的H2S含量较高,并且随沉积物深度的增加而逐渐升高.沉积物中的有机物和碳含量极显著相关,碳氮含量显著相关.沉积物粒度分类属粘土质粉砂,高潮区沉积物的中值粒径显著小于低潮区,可能是造成高潮区沉积物的有机物含量和含水率显著高于低潮区的原因之一.     

Fuel consumption of global fishing fleets: current understanding and knowledge gaps

Compared to a century ago, the world's fishing fleets are larger and more powerful, are travelling further and are producing higher quality products. These developments come largely at a cost of high‐fossil fuel energy inputs. Rising energy prices, climate change and consumer demand for ‘green’ products have placed energy use and emissions among the sustainability criteria of food production systems. We have compiled all available published and unpublished fuel use data for fisheries targeting all species, employing all gears and fishing in all regions of the world into a Fisheries and Energy Use Database (FEUD). Here, we present results of our analysis of the relative energy performance of fisheries since 1990 and provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on fuel inputs to diverse fishing fleets. The median fuel use intensity of global fishery records since 1990 is 639 litres per tonne. Fuel inputs to fisheries vary by several orders of magnitude, with small pelagic fisheries ranking among the world's most efficient forms of animal protein production and crustaceans ranking among the least efficient. Trends in Europe and Australia since the beginning of the 21st century suggest fuel use efficiency is improving, although this has been countered by a more rapid increase in oil prices. Management decisions, technological improvements and behavioural changes can further reduce fuel consumption in the short term, although the most effective improvement to fisheries energy performance will come as a result of rebuilding stocks where they are depressed and reducing over‐capacity.     

不同有机碳源及C/N对生物滤池净化效果的影响

利用生物滤池模拟装置,以实际养殖废水为处理对象,探讨了4种常见有机碳源(葡萄糖、乙醇、红糖和淀粉)及不同碳氮比对有机物去除、硝化反应和异养反硝化作用等生物滤池主要净化过程的影响.碳源初选结果显示,同种碳源下,当C/N从0升高至6过程中,生物滤池对TAN(总氨氮)的去除率呈先升高后降低趋势;当C/N较小时,各组对NO2--N的去除率差异性不显著(P＞0.05),随着C/N继续升高,NO2-N去除率则显著降低(P＜0.05);乙醇组除外,其他3组随着C/N升高,CODMn去除率先迅速增大然后趋于稳定;各组NO3-N和TN去除率呈先升高后降低趋势,且变化显著(P＜0.05),当C/N=4时,分别达到最高值.碳源复选结果显示,在C/N=4条件下,分别添加有机碳源(乙醇、淀粉、红糖和葡萄糖)的4组对TAN、NO3--N、TN和CODM的去除率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而对照组NO2--N的去除率最高,达到93.59％;添加乙醇,生物滤池对水体中TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N和TN的去除效果优于其他3种碳源.研究表明,当C/N=4时,乙醇作为外加碳源能很好地提高生物滤池的净化效率.     

高密度循环海水养殖系统CO2的积累和去除效果分析

研究了中国海洋大学通用海水素厂的高密度闭路循环海水养殖真鲷(Pagrosomus major)体系CO2的积累规律及水处理各环节溶氧、CO2分压、pH、碱度、磷酸盐的变化规律，估算了水处理各环节对CO2的去除效果和换水频率，探讨了高密度循环海水养殖真鲷在高pCO2、高ALK条件下仍然具有较好养殖效果的原因。     

Feasibility of measuring dissolved carbon dioxide based on head space partial pressures

We describe an instrument prototype that measures dissolved carbon dioxide (DC) without need for standard wetted probe membranes or titration. DC is calculated using Henry’s Law, water temperature, and the steady-state partial pressure of carbon dioxide that develops within the instrument’s vertical gas–liquid contacting chamber. Gas-phase partial pressures were determined with either an infrared detector (ID) or by measuring voltage developed by a pH electrode immersed in an isolated sodium carbonate solution (SC) sparged with recirculated head space gas. Calculated DC concentrations were compared with those obtained by titration over a range of DC (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 mg/l), total alkalinity (35, 120, and 250 mg/l as CaCO₃), total dissolved gas pressure (−178 to 120 mmHg), and dissolved oxygen concentrations (7, 14, and 18 mg/l). Statistically significant (P<0.001) correlations were established between head space (ID) and titrimetrically determined DC concentrations (R²=0.987–0.999, N=96). Millivolt and titrimetric values from the SC solution tests were also correlated (P<0.001, R²=0.997, N=16). The absolute and relative error associated with the use of the ID and SC solution averaged 0.9 mg/l DC and 7.0% and 0.6 mg/l DC and 9.6%, respectively. The precision of DC estimates established in a second test series was good; coefficients of variation (100(SD/mean)) for the head space (ID) and titration analyses were 0.99% and 1.7%. Precision of the SC solution method was 1.3%. In a third test series, a single ID was coupled with four replicate head space units so as to permit sequential monitoring (15 min intervals) of a common water source. Here, appropriate gas samples were secured using a series of solenoid valves (1.6 mm bore) activated by a time-based controller. This system configuration reduced the capital cost per sample site from US$ 2695 to 876. Absolute error averaged 2.9, 3.1, 3.7, and 2.7 mg/l for replicates 1–4 (N=36) during a 21-day test period (DC range, 36–40 mg/l). The ID meter was then modified so as to provide for DO as well as DC measurements across components of an intensive fish production system.     

中国杨树生物量和碳储量研究进展

本文总结了中国近20年来有关杨树生物量产量、生物量增长模型、生物量测定、生物量与林分密度,以及杨树碳储量方面的研究进展。对研究方面存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出提高杨树生物量的一些建议和措施。     

Estimation of the carbon storage of forest vegetation and carbon emission from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,China

The forest resource of Heilongjiang province has important position in china. On the basis of the six times of national forest inventory data （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） surveyed by the Forestry Ministry of P. R. China from 1973 to 2003, the carbon storage of forests in Heilongjiang Province are estimated by using the method of linear relationship of each tree species between biomass and volume. The results show that the carbon storage of Heilongjiang forests in the six periods （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） are 7.164×10^8 t, 4.871×10^8 t, 5.094×10^8 t, 5.292×10^8 t, 5.594×10^8 t and 5.410×10^8 t, respectively., which showed a trend of decreasing in early time and then increasing. It indicated that Heilongjiang forests play an important role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during past 30 years. Based on the data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 and ground biomass estimation for some forest types in Heilongjiang Province, it is estimated that the amount of mean annual consumed biomass of forests is 391758.65t-522344.95t, accounting for 6.4%-8.4% of total national consummation from forest fires, and the amount of carbon emission is 176 291.39t-235 055.23t, about 8% of total national emission from forest fires. The emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and NMHC from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province are estimated at 581761.6-775682.25 t, 34892.275-46523.04 t, 14091.11-18788.15 t and 6500-9000 t, respectively, every year.     

长白山高山冻原生态系统碳储量和碳动态研究

本研究分析了长白山高山冻原植被-凋落物-土壤生态系统的碳储量和碳动态.冻原植被中年净储存有机碳约17251 t;凋落物中有机碳储量为15043.1 t,凋落物中有机碳储量空间分布格局：TA＞LA＞MA＞SA＞FA;冻原土壤（0～20 cm）中年均储存有机碳为1054 t·a^-1,土壤中有机碳储量为3.16×10^5 t;每年约有1.4×104 t·a^-1土壤有机碳通过土壤呼吸释放到大气圈.植被-凋落物-土壤系统共储存碳452624 t.长白山高山冻原年均固碳为3146 t·a^-1.     

变厚度碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声衰减模型

根据超声波透射法检测原理,在一定的假设基础上,针对层数不同的层板碳纤维复合材料,建立了孔隙率与材料层数、超声衰减量的关系模型,利用5组不同层数样本试块的孔隙率和超声衰减量的试验数据,给出了基于模型的孔隙率拟合公式。分析和试验结果表明,拟合公式具有一定的精度,满足工程检测的要求。该模型可用于检测同批次下不同层数复合材料的孔隙率,且不需要制备大量的试验样本,既方便快捷又节约成本。在此基础上,对模型进行了修正,建立了变厚度层板复合材料孔隙率与材料厚度、超声衰减的关系模型,并对模型进行了讨论,该模型适合于大曲率半径结构件。