区域工业发展与碳排放的脱钩关系分析——基于2006~2013年湖南的实际情况

根据湖南省“十一五”以来（2006~2013年）的工业发展和碳排放情况，分析湖南工业发展与碳排放之间的脱钩弹性、节能弹性、减排弹性，结果表明：湖南工业行业发展的过程中，较好地控制了碳排放量，但节能减排任务依然较大。因此，新常态下应以“节能、减排”为主线，深入优化产业结构，调整能源消费结构，从而确保工业可持续发展的同时，实现碳排放的合理控制。     

Carbon stocks and carbon fluxes from a 10‐year prescribed burning chronosequence on a UK blanket peat

Prescribed burning is a common land management technique in many areas of the UK uplands. However, concern has been expressed at the impact of this management practice on carbon stocks and fluxes found in the carbon‐rich peat soils that underlie many of these areas. This study measured both carbon stocks and carbon fluxes from a chronosequence of prescribed burn sites in northern England. A range of carbon parameters were measured including above ground biomass and carbon stocks; net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net ecosystem respiration (R_eco) and photosynthesis (P_g) from closed chamber methods; and particulate organic carbon (POC). Analysis of the CO₂ data showed that burning was a significant factor in measured CO₂ readings but that other factors such as month of sampling explained a greater proportion of the variation in the data. Carbon budget results showed that whereas all the plots were net sources of carbon, the most recent burn scars were smaller sources of carbon compared with the older burn scars, suggesting that burning of Calluna‐dominated landscapes leads to an ‘avoided loss’ of carbon. However, this management intervention did not lead to a transition to a carbon sink and that for carbon purposes, active peat‐forming conditions are desirable.     

Greater humification of belowground than aboveground biomass carbon into particulate soil organic matter in no-till corn and soybean crops

Quantifying the amount of carbon (C) incorporated from decomposing residues into soil organic carbon (C_S) requires knowing the rate of C stabilization (humification rate) into different soil organic matter pools. However, the differential humification rates of C derived from belowground and aboveground biomass into C_S pools has been poorly quantified. We estimated the contribution of aboveground and belowground biomass to the formation of C_S in four agricultural treatments by measuring changes in δ¹³C natural abundance in particulate organic matter (C_POM) associated with manipulations of C₃ and C₄ biomass. The treatments were (1) continuous corn cropping (C₄ plant), (2) continuous soybean cropping (C₃), and two stubble exchange treatments (3 and 4) where the aboveground biomass left after the grain harvest was exchanged between corn and soybean plots, allowing the separation of aboveground and belowground C inputs to C_S based on the different δ¹³C signatures. After two growing seasons, C_POM was primarily derived from belowground C inputs, even though they represented only ∼10% of the total plant C inputs as residues. Belowground biomass contributed from 60% to almost 80% of the total new C present in the C_POM in the top 10 cm of soil. The humification rate of belowground C inputs into C_POM was 24% and 10%, while that of aboveground C inputs was only 0.5% and 1.0% for soybean and corn, respectively. Our results indicate that roots can play a disproportionately important role in the C_POM budget in soils. Keywords Particulate organic matter; root carbon inputs; carbon isotopes; humification rate; corn; soybean.     

住宅建筑热泵的热源选择

指出了住宅建筑的暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的比重大，较燃煤取暖而言，热泵技术的节能效果显著。从原理特点、适用性、限制条件、土建和设备建设难度和周期、后期管理维护等方面分析了空气、地表（下）水、土壤、太阳能和污水等热泵热源，探讨了住宅建筑热泵热源选择的总的原则。     

Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from turf management of two Swedish golf courses

Turf management on golf courses entails frequent maintenance activities, such as mowing, irrigation and fertilisation, and relies on purchased inputs for optimal performance and aesthetic quality. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this study evaluated energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from management of two Swedish golf courses, divided into green, tee, fairway and rough, and identified options for improved management. Energy use and GHG emissions per unit area were highest for greens, followed by tees, fairways and roughs. However, when considering the entire golf course, both energy use and GHG emissions were mainly related to fairway and rough maintenance due to their larger area. Emissions of GHG for the two golf courses were 1.0 and 1.6 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ as an area-weighted average, while the energy use was 14 and 19 GJ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Mowing was the most energy-consuming activity, contributing 21 and 27% of the primary energy use for the two golf courses. In addition, irrigation and manufacturing of mineral fertiliser and machinery resulted in considerable energy use. Mowing and emissions associated with fertilisation (manufacturing of N fertiliser and soil emissions of N₂O occurring after application) contributed most to GHG emissions. Including the estimated mean annual soil C sequestration rate for fairway and rough in the assessment considerably reduced the carbon footprint for fairway and turned the rough into a sink for GHG. Emissions of N₂O from decomposition of grass clippings may be a potential hotspot for GHG emissions, but the high spatial and temporal variability of values reported in the literature makes it difficult to estimate these emissions for specific management regimes. Lowering the application rate of N mineral fertiliser, particularly on fairways, should be a high priority for golf courses trying to reduce their carbon footprint. However, measures must be adapted to the prevailing conditions at the specific golf course and the requirements set by golfers.     

Evaluation of direct and indirect phosphorus limitation of methanogenic pathways in a calcareous subtropical wetland soil

The effect of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) on methanogenesis was investigated in a low-P (130 mg P kg⁻¹ soil) wetland within Everglades National Park. Soil was amended with C substrates (acetate, formate, butyrate, and glucose) with or without P, and CO₂ and CH₄ production was monitored. Production of CH₄ increased with P addition although no effect on CO₂ was observed. Methane production was stimulated by all C substrates except for butyrate. No effect of C on CO₂ production was observed except for stimulation following glucose addition. Production of CH₄ following formate addition was not affected by P, suggesting hydrogenotrophic methanogens may be substrate, not P, limited. Addition of P to all other C substrates heightened CH₄ production and lowered the CO₂–C:CH₄–C ratio relative to the corresponding C only treatment, suggesting that P may have limited acetoclastic methanogens and fermentation.     

补光对兰云杉和红皮云杉生长的影响

云杉苗期生长缓慢是生产中的主要问题,补光可促进苗木生长,缩短育苗周期,提高育苗效率.研究不同光源(阳光灯、镝灯、碘钨灯)、不同光照时间对兰云杉和红皮云杉1年生苗苗高、地径、侧枝数、根系、生物量等生长性状的影响,结果表明:光照处理可以抑制苗木休眠,促进其持续生长,对2种云杉的各生长指标均有显著的促进作用；不同光源、不同光...     

水泵噪声治理工艺研究

对水泵噪声源进行了分析，并举例探讨了水泵噪声治理工艺。     

日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验选择平均初始体重（296±32.33）kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛48头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。对照组肉牛饲喂不含油脂的日粮,处理组肉牛分别饲喂含有5%棕榈油、亚麻油和包被脂肪的日粮。在为期10周的饲养试验后测定相关指标。结果：对照组与包被脂肪组干物质、有机物和氮摄入量及干物质、有机物表观消化率显著高于棕榈油和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）,而包被脂肪组与亚麻油组粗脂肪摄入量显著高于对照组和棕榈油组（P＜0.05）。对照组粗脂肪表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低31.94%、32.17%和33.56%（P＜0.05）,而亚麻油组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低18.61%、17.10%和19.68%（P＜0.05）。包被脂肪组瘤胃不饱和脂肪酸流量较对照组和棕榈油组分别显著提高152.26%和240%（P＜0.05）。对照组与包被脂肪组瘤胃氨氮浓度显著高于棕榈油组和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）。结论：包被脂肪降低了脂肪对瘤胃发酵的影响,其对瘤胃饱和脂肪酸流量的影响与亚麻油相似,但棕榈油降低了瘤胃氨氮浓度,不能有效向瘤胃提供不饱和脂肪酸。 [关键词]油脂原料|肉牛|生长性能|养分消化|瘤胃发酵