我国喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区植物群落构建机制研究

喀斯特断陷盆地是我国石漠化综合治理8大喀斯特类型中治理成效最低、治理难度最大的区域,面临石漠化严重、干旱频发、植被恢复难等突出问题。文中针对水分是影响喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化治理与植被恢复成效最关键的限制因素,综合分析了国内外水分梯度差异与植物群落构建机制研究动态与发展趋势;提出利用日趋成熟的水分脆弱性评价方法,通过建立基于耦合暴露度、敏感性及适应性的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,以满足遥感影像分辨率和植物群落调查样地大小的评价单元进行水分脆弱性评估;在建立物种库—功能性状—生境特征数据库的基础上,提出基于功能性状差异进行喀斯特断陷盆地植物群落机制构建的研究方案。提出的研究方案有望解决喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区水分梯度特征与分布格局、自然植物群落组配规律及其生境特征、水分梯度与生境要素对植物群落特征及功能性状组成的影响规律等关键科学问题,可为不同脆弱生态区植被恢复群落构建机制研究提供重要参考和借鉴。     

森林碳汇与区域环境保护

笔者以恩施州为例,运用生物量清单法估算森林碳汇量,运用数学模型估算CO2年排放量。计算出2015年恩施州森林碳汇量100.80万t,CO2年排放量237.61万t,净排放量136.41万t。得出按目前的经济发展速度和恩施州森林年增长量,在2015年CO2不会成为恩施州经济发展的制约因素。但从环境保护这方面出发,同时考虑发展以碳汇为目的的林业经济,恩施州应该加大对森林的管理力度,实行增汇减排措施,并对恩施州森林碳汇发展方向提出相关建议与措施。     

Advances in wound healing in small animal practice: current status and lines of development

Abstract In the past 5 years advances in the management of wounds in dogs and cats have included the development of materials and techniques used to enhance the healing of both open and closed wounds. New topical and locally injected medications as well as new bandaging materials have been evaluated. The use of omental flaps to enhance wound healing has been found to be promising. Ultrasonography has been found useful in assessing wound tissues to guide treatment. Because tension is a major factor in dealing with wound closure, skin expanders, skin stretchers, presutures and adjustable horizontal mattress sutures have been described as means of overcoming tension. Recently completed research projects at the Scott-Ritchey Research Center studied the woundhealing effects of fibrin sealants, topical bovine collagen, omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diets and magnetic field therapy. Projects underway are evaluating the healing effects of a new biological tissue adhesive, a macrophage stimulant and a thromboxane synthestase inhibitor. Parameters for evaluating wound healing have included histopathology, tensiometry, planimetry, laser Doppler image scanning, biochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Resumen En los últimos 5 años, algunos de los avances en la curación de heridas en perros y gatos ha incluido el desarrollo de materiales y técnicas utilizados para mejorar la curación tanto de heridas cerradas como abiertas. Se han evaluado nuevas medicaciones tópicas y sistémicas asi como nuevos marteriales de vendaje. El us0 de injertos omentales para estimular la curación de heridas ha mostrado resultados prometedores. La ecografia es un método éutil en la valoración de los tejidos lesionados para guiar el tratamiento. Debido a que la tensión es un factor importante en el caso de cerramiento de heridas, se describen como métodos de evitar la tensión productos como expansores cutáneos, estiradores cutáneos, presuturas y suturas cutáneas horizontales acolchonadas ajustables. Algunos proyectos de investigación recientemente finalizados en el Centro de Investigación Scott-Ritchey estudiaron los efectos sobre la curación de heridas de selladores de fibrina, colágeno tópico bovino, dietas enriquecidas con ácido graso omega-3 y terapia de campo magnético. Otros proyectos en realización están evaluando los efectos curativos de un nuevo adhesivo tisular biológico, un estimulante de macrófagos y un inhibidor de la tromboxano-sintetasa. Los parámetros para evaluar la curación de herida han incluido la histopatología, la tensiometría, la planimetría, el scanner por imágen doppler laser, bioquímica e inmunohistoquímica. [Swaim, S.F. Advances in wound healing in small animal practice: current status and lines of development (Avances en la curcion de heridas en pequeños animales: estado actual y lineas de desarrollo). Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 249–257] Zusammenfassung In den letzten 5 Jahren wurden Fortschritte in der Wundversorgung bei Hund und Katze unter anderem durch die Entwicklung von Materialien und Techniken erzielt, die zur besseren Heilung von offenen und geschlossenen Wunden verwendet werden. Neue lokale und systemische Medikamente sowie neue Verbandsmaterialien wurden untersucht. Die Verwendung von Omentumlappen zur Verbesserung der Wundheilung scheint vielversprechend zu sein. Ultraschalluntersuchungen waren von Nutzen, um Wundgewebe zu beurteilen und die Behandlung zu lenken. Spannung ist ein wesentlicher Faktor im Wundverschluss, Hautexpander, Hautdehner, vorbereitende Nähte und regulierbare, horizontale Matratzennähte wurden zur Überwindung der Wundspannung beschrieben. Kürzlich fertiggestellte Forschungsprojekte am Scott-Ritchie Research Center erforschten die Effekte von Fibrindichtungsmitteln, lokalem bovinen Kollagen, Futtermitteln mit Omega-3 Fettsäurenzusatz und Magnetfeldtherapie. Gegenwärtige Forschungsprojekte bewerten die Heilungseffekte eines neuen, biologischen Gewebehaftmittels, eines Makrophagenstimulans und eines Thromboxansynthetasehemmers. Parameter zur Bewertung der Wundheilung waren Histopathologie, Tensiometrie, Planimetrie, Laser Doppler, physiologische Chemie und Immunhistochemie. [Swaim, S.F. Advances in wound healing in small animal practice: current status and lines of development (Fortschritte bei der Wundheilung in der Kleintierpraxis: Derzeitiger Stand und Entwicklung). Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8: 249–257] Résumé Durant les 5 dernières années, le progrés dans le traitement des plaies chez les chiens et les chats ont inclus le développement de matériaux et de techniques utilisés pour augmenter la cicatrisation des plaies ouvertes et fermées. De nouvelles médications topiques et systémiques ainsi que de nouveaux matériaux de bandages ont étéévalués. L'utilisation de lambeaux d'éplipon s'est révélée prometteuse dans l'amélioration de la cicatrisation des plaies. L'ultrasonographie s'est montrée utile dans le traitement de guidance de l'évaluation des plaies tissulaires. La tension étant un facteur major lors de la fermeture de plaies, expansseurs cutanés, étireurs cutanés et surjets de matelassier ajustables ont tous été décrits comme moyens permettant de vaincre la tension. Récemment des projets de recherche achevés au Scott-Ritchey Research Center ont étudiés les effets des joints de fibrine, du collagène bovin topique, des régimes enrichis en acides gras omega-3 et de la thérapies de champs magnétiques sur la cicatrisation des plaies. Les projets mis en route sont l'évaluation des effets sur la cicatrisation d'un nouvel adhésif tissulaire biologique, d'un stimulant de macrophages et d'un nouvel inhibiteur de la thromboxane synthase. Les paramètres intervenant dans l'évaluation de la cicatrisation des plaies ont inclus l'histopathologie, la tensiométrie, la planimétrie, le laser Doppler, l'imagerie, la biochimie et l'immunohistochimie. [Swaim, S.F. Advances in wound healing in small animal practice: current status and lines of development (Progres de la cicatrisation en pratique des petits animaux: etat actuel et lignes de developpement). Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 249–257]     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

论技术创新项目的价值评估

从技术创新项目评估方面探讨如何支持技术创新。首先阐明传统的项目评估方法已不适合技术创新项目的评估,然后引入技术创新项目期权定价理论,并用一个案例说明技术创新项目定价理论的实际应用,最后得出研究结论。     

基于EOD模式的田园综合体碳平衡初步研究

中国正在不断推进农村绿色经济转型与乡村振兴战略，田园综合体等各种以生态环境为导向的农业开发模式是乡村振兴建设的新途径，驱动农业固碳减排的同时，也带动着传统农业不断向现代农业发展的转变。以EOD（Ecology-Oriented-Development，生态环境导向的开发）模式的上海市金山区枫泾镇郊野村庄田园综合体为研究对象，在现场调研与数据统计的基础上，分析了园区内的碳输入和碳输出以及碳在园内各区域间的流动和储积；同时，根据碳源和碳汇清单和估算结果，分析了田园综合体各区的碳平衡特点。结果显示，上海市金山区郊野村庄田园综合体2021年碳平衡表现为净碳汇区，净碳汇量为152.09 tC，其中排放量为588.79 tC，碳固定量为740.88 tC。田园综合体内，作物种植区通过低碳有机种植模式成为净碳汇量最大的区域，净碳汇量185.76 tC；水产养殖区通过高效的水草多级循环利用模式净碳汇量达62.20 tC；高空间利用率的立体农业区因农肥的碳排放量大表现为碳源区，净碳汇量为-10.81 tC；生产生活区是最大的碳源区，净碳汇量达-85.05 tC，人类文旅活动是其中最大的碳排放源。分析结合该田园综合体的碳流动，提出了发展高物质循环利用率、高空间利用率、低碳有机种植模式和农业科学管理四个农业降碳增汇的方向。     

三明市珍稀野生植物资源调查

在结合参考1990年以来三明全市名木古树调查、各自然保护区植被调查的基础上,对1999年至2001年全市各县区珍稀野生植物资源调查资料进行市级汇总,得出52个目的物种资源调查结果,并通过分析评价其资源现状,提出结论与建议。     

The carbon budget of an adult <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus cembra</Emphasis> tree at the alpine timberline in the Central Austrian Alps

We investigated carbon (C) uptake and respiratory losses of an adult Pinus cembra tree at the alpine timberline throughout an entire year by means of an automated, multiplexing gas exchange system. These chamber measurements were then combined with biomass data for scaling up the C budget to the tree level. Integrated over an entire year, the cumulative C gain of the tree under study was 23.5 kg of C in 2002. The daily C balance was negative for 5 months and the estimated total wintertime respiratory losses were 9% of the amount of C fixed during the growing season. The total annual C loss of the tree consumed 55% of the annual net C gain and the remaining surplus was stored in new tissues (36%) and used for fine root growth (9%). Thus, the overall C budget of P. cembra at the upper timberline is balanced fairly well, although the C sink strength in fine roots is strongly limited owing to low root zone temperatures when compared to conifers at lower elevation sites.     

舟山渔场人工鱼礁投放海域生态环境前期评估

根据2002年6-7月在舟山渔场朱家尖外侧开展人工鱼礁投放海域本底调查所获的海洋生物和海洋水文环境资料及以往有关文献中对该海域的调查资料,对朱家尖外侧拟投人工鱼礁海域的海水理化因子和海洋生物种类组成、数量分布和群落结构特征作了较详细的分析研究,以评估该海域是否适于投放人工鱼礁.结果得知:该海域底质为粉砂质粘土,浮游生物种类和数量及底栖生物种类和数量较多,水深为14～19m,温、盐度季节变化明显、透明度较高、水色相对较清,水质绝大多数指标符合国家一、二类水质标准,海域适合沿岸岛礁性鱼类如石斑鱼、褐菖、鲈鱼等的栖息生长,历史上渔业资源丰富,也无工厂废水排放,不会对海洋生态环境产生重大污染,因此,可以为良好的投放人工礁之场所.     

Using best-worst scaling to reveal preferences for retrofitting raingardens in suburban streets

Raingardens are increasingly common in sustainable stormwater management in cities around the world. Implementing raingardens will change the appearance of conventional urban streetscapes and this is especially important when retrofitting raingardens into existing streets. Raingardens need to fulfil both technical and aesthetic functions. Aesthetic function, assessed as landscape preference, must be understood to ensure that retrofitted raingardens are appropriately designed and managed. Scholars have long adopted a Likert rating scale- to determine landscape preference. Limitations of this method led market researchers to develop choice-based ranking, including best-worst scaling, to assess preference. Thus, this study uses best-worst scaling to assess landscape preference by residents for pairs of streetscapes with and without raingardens in four suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These preference data, and attitudes towards raingardens, stormwater harvesting and own streetscapes, inform guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens. Findings revealed respondents’ overwhelming support for harvesting and reuse of stormwater, though support for fit-for-purpose stormwater reuse decreased as personal proximity increased. While attitudes towards raingardens were positive and most respondents liked the raingardens in their own street, less than one-quarter helped to maintain them. Across all respondents, maintenance of raingardens in streetscapes was regarded as the responsibility of local government. Nevertheless, many would install raingardens in their own property. Overall, streetscapes with raingardens were preferred to those without. Residency in a street with or without raingardens did not influence preference, however, residency in a particular street did. Indeed, context was important: preference for one’s own streetscape varied statistically significantly between residents of inner- and outer-Melbourne suburbs. Drawing on these results, four guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens are proposed: 1. Understand context; 2. Consider how the street is used; 3. Select appropriate plants and planting style; 4. Ensure adequate maintenance.