混养鲫鱼对罗氏沼虾种虾培育效果的影响

在3口面积各为0.3 hm^2、深度2.0 m的长方形池塘(1#、2#、3#)中放入体长0.7～0.8 cm的罗氏沼虾"南太湖2号"无特定病原种虾,密度为3.0×10~5尾/hm^2;养殖30 d时,2#、3#池塘分别混养质量3～4 g/尾的鲫鱼450、900尾,1#池塘不混养作对照组。经过近110 d的培育,1#、2#、3#池塘"南太湖2号"种虾的平均体质量分别达18.36、18.95、22.6 g,收获量分别达931.5、898.4、842.95 kg,饵料系数分别为1.36、1.53和1.71。试验结果表明,罗氏沼虾"南太湖2号"种虾培育池塘混养合理密度的鲫鱼,虽然影响种虾养殖产量,饲料系数增大,但培育出的种虾个体较大,饱满度较高,作为亲本可以为后期育苗工作的顺利开展打下良好基础。     

Effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides on growth performances and digestive enzyme activities of allogynogenetic crucian carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus gibelio</Emphasis>)

The effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of the allogynogenetic crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, was investigated. XOS was added to fish basal semi-purified diets at three concentrations by dry feed weight: diet 1, 50 mg kg⁻¹; diet 2, 100 mg kg⁻¹; diet 3, 200 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Twelve aquaria (n = 20) with three replicates for each treatment group (diets 1–3) and control treated without XOS were used. Weights of all collected carp from each aquarium were determined at the initial phase and at the end of the experiment, and the carp survival was also determined by counting the individuals in each aquarium. After 45 days, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the relative gain rate (RGR), and daily weight gain (DWG) of diets 1–3 were compared with the control. However, the survival rate was not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments. For enzymatic analysis, dissection produced a crude mixture of intestine and hepatopancreas of each segment to measure. The protease activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas content of fish in diet 2 (487.37 ± 20.58 U g⁻¹ and 20.52 ± 1.93 U g⁻¹) were significantly different (P < 0.05) from that in the control (428.13 ± 23.26 U g⁻¹ and 12.81 ± 1.52 U g⁻¹) and diet 3 (428.00 ± 23.78 U g⁻¹ and 14.04 ± 1.59 U g⁻¹). Amylase activity in the intestine was significantly higher for diet 2 compared to diet 1 and the control. As for amylase in the hepatopancreas, assays showed higher activity in diet 2 (P < 0.05) compared to the rest.     

一种佐剂新材料在嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗浸泡免疫鲫中的应用效果

为研究蓖麻油聚乙二醇单酯葡萄糖苷(CPMG)在细菌灭活疫苗浸泡免疫中的佐剂作用,将CPMG和嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗联合施用,二次浸泡免疫异育银鲫后饲养在室内玻璃缸中,用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测加强免疫后2、4、7、11、14和21 d脾脏中Ig M、IL-1β、C3、C-凝集素和溶菌酶的m RNA表达量,首次免疫30 d后用同源菌株活菌攻击实验鱼;同时,用含CPMG、山莨菪碱复合佐剂的灭活疫苗浸泡免疫异育银鲫一次后饲养在池塘网箱中,定期抽取血液检测血清抗体效价并用同源菌株人工感染实验鱼。结果显示,CPMG佐剂组和无佐剂组的5个免疫相关基因的相对表达量显著高于对照组,CPMG组Ig M基因较无佐剂组更早表达,补体C3、C-凝集素以及溶菌酶的基因表达量更高或表达持续时间更长。血清抗体效价在免疫后2周达到160,6周达到峰值640,12周降低为40。室内玻璃缸中二次免疫30 d后,CPMG组的平均相对保护率达到70.6%,复合佐剂组达到88.2%,均显著高于无佐剂组的56.0%。池塘网箱中一次浸泡免疫30、60和120 d后,平均相对保护率分别为54.6%、44.0%和12.5%。研究表明,CPMG与嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗共同浸泡免疫异育银鲫,增强了脾脏中Ig M、IL-1β、C3、C-凝集素以及溶菌酶基因表达,提高了异育银鲫抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力。     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

Effects of dietary coated protease on growth performance,feed utilization,nutrient apparent digestibility,intestinal and hepatopancreas structure in juvenile Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, feed utilization, whole‐body proximate composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and hepatopancreas structure of juvenile Gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (mean weight 8.08 ± 0.18 g). Six diets were prepared, including a positive control diet (dietary protein 350 g/kg, PC), one negative control diet (dietary protein 33 g/kg, NC) and four protease supplementations diets, which were 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg protease NC diet. After 12 weeks of diet feeding in indoor recycle aquarium tanks, no significant difference (p > .05) was found on growth performance between fish fed diet with 75–600 mg/kg protease and the PC group. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the specific growth rate of fish fed 300 mg/kg protease increased significantly (p < .05), as well as protein efficiency ratios (p < .05), while feed conversion was the opposite (p < .05). The nutrient digestibility of crude protein and lipid was higher (p < .05) in fish fed 150 mg/kg protease diet than the PC diet. Whole‐body proximate composition of fish was not affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and albumin were significantly affected by dietary protease (p < .05), while the content of total protein, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum was not affected (p > .05). Foregut muscular thickness was thinner (p < .05), when the fish fed diets supplementation of protease in 150 or 600 mg/kg diet than the NC diet. Protease activities in hepatopancreas and foregut were higher (p < .05), in the fish fed 150 or 300 mg/kg protease diet than the fish fed the PC diet, but those in the mid‐ and hindgut were not significantly affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatments. Based on the regression analysis of weight gain rate, the optimal dietary inclusion level of protease was 400 mg/kg in the diet for juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

Genetic identification of a newly synthetic allopolyploid strain with 206 chromosomes in polyploid gibel carp

A newly synthetic allopolyploid strain (SAS) was selected and established from gynogenetic offspring of gibel carp clone A⁺ with 156 chromosomes induced by common carp sperm with 50 chromosomes. In this study, the allopolyploid strain was detected to contain 206 chromosomes, and the growth trait was evaluated to have 25.15% growth faster than that of clone A⁺. Genetic marker analyses of transferrin (Tf) alleles, ITS1 sequences and mtDNA D‐loop sequences indicated that the allopolyploid strain was synthetized from maternal gibel carp clone A⁺ and paternal common carp, and the synthetic chromosome sets were further confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and chromosome localization of 45S rDNA. Significantly, the synthetic allopolyploid strain has tended to be stable by five successive generations of gynogenesis, because it still keeps unisexual reproduction mode of gynogenesis. Therefore, it will become a novel variety for gibel carp aquaculture in future.     

枇杷多糖对草金鱼免疫特性的影响

研究枇杷多糖对草金鱼Carassius auratus免疫功能的影响,为水产动物病害的防治及充分利用枇杷资源提供依据。以草金鱼为试材,通过注射的方式免疫草金鱼,研究枇杷多糖对草金鱼超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶、酚氧化酶、白细胞吞噬率的影响,结果表明:注射枇杷多糖质量浓度为1.0mg·mL~(-1),免疫21h时草金鱼血液SOD、溶菌酶活性均达到最大,分别为37.8U和128U;注射枇杷多糖质量浓度1.5mg·mL~(-1),免疫28h时,草金鱼血清酚氧化酶活力和白细胞吞噬率均达最大,分别为4.1U、55.68%,说明枇杷多糖可以提高草金鱼的免疫功能。     

多子小瓜虫滋养体糖蛋白残基的种类和分布研究

应用伴刀豆凝集素A、麦胚凝集素、大豆凝集素和荆豆凝集素Ⅰ,检测寄生于金鱼皮肤、鳃和鳍上的多子小瓜虫滋养体糖蛋白残基的种类和分布。研究结果发现,伴刀豆凝集素A和麦胚凝集素免疫阳性染色在金鱼皮肤、鳃和鳍寄生的滋养体上均有分布,麦胚凝集素免疫阳性染色强于伴刀豆凝集素A,未见有大豆凝集素和荆豆凝集素Ⅰ免疫阳性染色。鳃上寄生的滋养体伴刀豆凝集素A免疫阳性染色最强,皮肤次之,鳍最弱。鳍上寄生的滋养体麦胚凝集素免疫阳性染色最强,皮肤次之,鳃最弱。研究结果表明,滋养体有单糖D-甘露糖和D-葡萄糖,以及氨基衍生物乙酰氨基葡萄糖。寄生于鳃上的滋养体D-甘露糖和D-葡萄糖可能较多,寄生在鳍上的滋养体乙酰氨基葡萄糖可能较多。     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.