砷对水稻生长发育的影响及其原因

低浓度的砷对水稻生长发育有刺激作用,砷浓度较高时则会对水稻产生严重的毒害作用。砷的毒害作用不仅有十分明显的外观症状,而且还会使水稻的生长发育推迟。刺激作用的机理可能与砷合理地抑制植物呼吸、减少光合产物的无益消耗有关。砷的毒害作用所造成的水稻籽粒减产,是由于穗粒数、结实率、有效穗、千粒重四个产量构成因素受砷的毒害作用共同影响的结果。刚进入土壤系统时,As（Ⅲ）的毒性比As（Ⅴ）大;但随着时间的推移,它们在对土壤和植物系统的影响方面的差异会不断缩小。     

盐浓度对水稻苗期耐盐指标变异度的影响

在水培和人工气候条件下,用７种浓度的ＮａＣｌ分别对３个耐盐力不同的品种的４周龄秧苗处理２周以考察盐浓度与水稻苗期耐盐指标表型变异的关系,结果表明：除根部Ｃｌ＾－含量外其余指标都有一个适于产生最大变异的盐胁迫范围,根据这一范围的不同,初步将苗期耐盐指标分成适于低,中和较高盐胁迫３类,只有根据度量指标选用相应盐处理浓度,才有可能充分估计出耐盐性遗传变异。     

RAPD Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Yunjie(Eruca sativa Mill.) in China

Genetic diversity of Yunjie (Eruca sativa Mill. ) in China was assessed by analyses of RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Twenty native cultivars representing Yunjie-growing ecotypes in China were selected as material in this study. Twelve out of the 64 tested random decamer primers were able to identify 131 stable RAPD bands from these Yunjie cultivars. Of them 105 bands, or 80.15% of the total, were polymorphic. Most Yunjie cultivars from the same ecotype had their characteristic DNA bands.Cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) suggested that the 20 Yunjie genotypes could be divided into four groups. The genetic distances among the 20 cultivars varied from 0. 117 8between Shuozhou and Shenchi to 0. 499 4 between Hetian and Xiliang. Hetian alone could be a new type of Yunjie identified in China because it had the greatest genetic distance from all the other tested cultivars. These results indicate that Chinese Yunjie have abundant genetic diversity. Classification of Chinese Yunjie based on the RAPD information was in good agreement with the relationships between these Yunjie cultivars in their geographic origins and their plant morphology.     

籼型杂交稻碾磨、外观品质性状的杂种优势分析

以具有广泛代表性的4个不育系和8个恢复系为材料,采用NC 交配设计研究了9个碾磨品质和外观品质性状的杂种优势及其相关性.结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率、精米率和整精米率表现正向中亲优势,糙米长、糙米宽、糙米长宽比表现负向中亲优势,糙米厚无中亲优势.垩白粒率和垩白度的中亲优势最大.垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米率和精米率表现正向超亲优势,整精米率、糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚和糙米长宽比表现负向超亲优势.垩白度的超亲优势最大.相关分析表明,在糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度性状方面,F1杂种与其亲本值间无相关性,而除了垩白粒率外,与中亲优势和超亲优势间的相关均表现显著或极显著的正向水平.降低糙米长的超亲优势可明显增加整精米率的超亲优势,提高糙米长、糙米宽和糙米长宽比的超亲优势可明显增加垩白粒率和垩白度的超亲优势.     

具有隐性高秆基因的矮秆迟熟突变体"02428ha"的遗传分析

"02428ha"是从隐性高秆水稻"02428h"中发现的1个矮秆迟熟突变体。其抽穗期比02428h迟32d左右,株高降低60cm左右。遗传分析表明,02428ha矮秆性状的遗传涉及2对基因,而迟熟感光性则受1对显性基因控制。     

水稻卫星搭载突变性状考察和品系选育

利用我国返回式卫星搭载水稻品种“特籼占13”种子，回收后经多代的种植选择，选育出性状稳定的13个突变品系进行主要经济性状考察，结果表明：空间诱变突变品系的多个性状都发生了不同程度的变异，其中谷粒长宽比、穗长、穗粒数、小区产量等性状，品系间变异达到显著和极显著水平。讨论了水稻空间诱变性状变异改良的有效性，并从参试空间诱变突变品系中选育出多个性状同时产生突变得到改良的优质高产新品系。     

Potential for the alleviation of arsenic toxicity in paddy rice using amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide amendments

Abstract

A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of amorphous iron-(hydr)oxide (Am-FeOH) amendments on arsenic (As) availability and its uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. BR28) irrigated with As-contaminated water. A rhizobag system was established using 3.5 L plastic pots, each containing one central compartment for plant growth, a middle compartment and an outside compartment. Three levels of laboratory-synthesized Am-FeOH (0, 0.1 and 0.5% w/w) were used to amend samples of the As-free sandy loam paddy soil placed into each compartment of the rhizobag system. The soils were submerged with a solution containing 5 mg L^?1 As(V). Two-week-old rice seedlings were planted in the central compartments and cultured for 9 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The addition of 0.1% Am-FeOH to the soil irrigated with As-contaminated water improved plant growth, reduced the As concentration in the plants and enhanced Fe-plaque formation on the root surfaces. Analysis of soil solution samples collected during the experiment revealed higher pH levels and lower redox potentials in the soils amended with Am-FeOH at the onset of soil submergence, but later the soil solution collected from the 0.1% Am-FeOH treatment was slightly acidic and more oxidized than the solution from the 0% treatment. This indicated active functioning of the roots in the soil treated with 0.1% Am-FeOH. The concentrations of As(III) in the soil solution collected from the central compartment were significantly reduced by the Am-FeOH amendments, whereas in the soil treated with 0% Fe, As(III) accumulated in the rhizosphere, particularly during the late-cultivation period. The improvement in plant growth and reduction in As uptake by plants growing in the Am-FeOH treated soil could be attributed to the reduction of available As in the soil solution, mainly as a result of the binding of As to the Fe-plaque on the root surfaces.     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.     

早籼稻米的蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组成

分析了在早季和晚季种植的１８个早籼品种（组合）的精米蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组成．结果表明，稻米蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组成与栽培品种和栽植季节有关，早季略高于晚季；稻米蛋白质普遍缺乏赖氨酸和苏氨酸，并被分别作为稻米的第１和第２限制性氨基酸；各种氨基酸含量的高低顺序在不同品种中基本相似，均以谷氨酸、亮氨酸较高，色氨酸、蛋氨酸较低；蛋白质与氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等呈显著和极显著正相关，而与赖氨酸、色氨酸呈负相关．但只有赖氨酸达显著水准；与其他８种氨基酸呈正相关，但不显著．     

籼粳稻间苗期耐冷性的遗传研究

 利用6个籼粳稻间杂交组合研究了苗期耐冷性的遗传。根据3叶期10℃/6℃（昼/夜）处理7天后的卷叶程度，各组合籼粳稻间耐冷性的差异均由两对重复基因所控制，耐冷性为完全显性。F#-2耐冷类型的植株中部分为籽粒较长、稃毛较少的偏籼类型，表明利用籼粳杂交改良籼稻品种的苗期耐冷性是可行的。