TMOPP四阶导数光谱计算分析法同时测定锌镉

本文用自合成的高灵敏显色剂meso—四—(对甲氧苯基)卟啉(TMOPP),通过四阶导数光谱CPA计算分析方法,对合成试样和植物标样中的Zn,Cd进行了同时测定。其相对误差均在±10%以内。     

施硅对白菜地上部吸收重金属镉的抑制效应

采用土培盆栽试验,研究了施硅对抑制白菜吸收外源重金属镉的效应,结果表明:在试验条件下,土壤施硅有利于黑叶白菜增强抗重金属镉胁迫的能力,显著地提高白菜地上部的生物量,白菜生物量随施硅水平提高而递增;显著地提高了土壤pH值和有效硅含量;显著地降低较高外源镉浓度(0.6,0.9mg/kg)处理的土壤有效镉含量;显著地减少在土壤较高外源镉浓度(0.6,0.9mg/kg)污染下的白菜地上部对镉的吸收与累积,有效地降低了白菜地上部重金属镉的浓度和吸收总量。可见,施适量的硅(1.0g/kg)可有效减轻白菜重金属镉污染毒害。     

镉对白菜活性氧代谢及H2O2清除系统的影响

研究不同浓度镉对白菜(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis)叶片活性氧产生及H2O2清除酶活性影响。结果表明,培养液中加镉增加了白菜叶片中超氧自由基(O2-)的产生速率和H2O2含量,过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量随培养液中镉浓度和镉处理时间增加而增加。在加镉条件下,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高,抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加。     

The Influence of pH and Organic Matter from Sugarcane By-products on Soil Cadmium Fractionation

ABSTRACT

Crop wastes or by-products can have the potential to be used as effective amendments to improve agricultural soil quality and/or crop yields subject to appropriate screening and testing. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) waste by-products from an ethanol production plant, including boiler ash, filter cake, and vinasse, were applied as soil amendments at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% (w/w) to study the relationship between pH and organic matter (OM) on cadmium (Cd) bioavailability and adsorption via organic matter using the Cd sequential extraction procedure. Soil pH was significantly affected by aging of the treatment with boiler ash, filter cake, and vinasse. At the end of the experiment, the Cd concentrations with all treatments were mainly released in the first two extraction steps of the sequential procedure, i.e., most mobile and easily mobilized fractions. Pearson correlation analyses revealed a negative relationship between pH and bioavailable Cd and between OM and oxidizable Cd. The pH reduction induced by the amendments was a major factor affecting soil Cd bioavailability. The effect of OM on Cd fractionation could not be clearly observed and interpreted in this study.     

Comparison of the adsorption of maize root mucilage and polygalacturonic acid on montmorillonite homoionic to divalent lead and cadmium

Summary Root mucilage material (RM) was isolated from maize plants grown in the field, and its affinity to montmorillonite (M) homoionic to Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was compared with that of a commercial polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Adsorption isotherms of the commercial and natural materials on the two clay systems were compared in unbuffered systems at pH 3 and pH 6. Adsorption of PGA occurred only at pH 3, and was higher on M-Pb than on M-Cd. In contrast, the adsorption of RM was higher on M-Cd than on M-Pb. Total amounts of RM adsorbed at pH 3 were about 3 times lower on M-Cd and 20 times lower on M-Pb than the respective amounts of PGA adsorbed at the same pH. Polygalacturonic acid had a high content of relatively well dissociated (pKa = 3.5) carboxylic groups, and adsorbed on the clay surface at pH values lower than its pKa. At pH 6, the dissociation of the acid groups favoured its solubility, and the metal cations were then probably displaced by ion exchange. The lower affinity of RM to the clay materials was related to its average molecular weight, which was lower than that of PGA, and to its water solubility, which was higher than that of PGA. The low pH dependence of the adsorption of RM was related to its lower carboxylic acidity and higher content in hydroxyl and amino groups.     

镉(Cd)对姬松茸菌丝生长的影响

以姬松茸子实体镉含量有差异的姬松茸菌株为材料，试图通过分析比较高低镉品种对镉的敏感度差异．找出镉影响菌丝生长的特征和规律，建立一种简便、有效的低镉筛选模式。实验结果表明：镉对姬松茸菌丝的影响具有一定的规律性，镉浓度为0～1mg／L，镉对姬松茸菌丝表现出刺激与毒害的双重作用，≥2．0mg／L时，对姬松茸菌丝表现出明显的毒害作用，0～16mg／L时．镉浓度与菌丝生长速度的关系适于以Cubic回归曲线描述；不同菌株对镉的敏感性有差异，但差异无显著性特征，不足以作为区分高低镉品种的有效指标。     

糙米与水稻植株中镉含量的关系

[目的]研究糙米中重金属镉含量与水稻植株中镉积累的关系。[方法]以6个水稻品种为试材,设置5个土壤镉浓度处理的盆栽试验,对水稻糙米中重金属镉的积累与水稻植株间的相关性进行了研究。[结果]水稻糙米与水稻植株分蘖期的重金属镉含量的相关系数没有达到显著相关;出穗期,只有水稻茎秆中的镉含量与糙米的相关系数为显著相关;在水稻的成熟期,水稻糙米与水稻植株镉含量的相关系数在土壤镉含量较低时都为显著相关,而在较高浓度时,只有水稻的茎秆与糙米镉含量的相关系数达到显著相关。[结论]水稻糙米中的镉含量只与水稻植株中的茎秆的镉含量有关联。选择茎镉含量低的水稻品种,可得到糙米对重金属镉低积累的水稻品种。     

Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应研究

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone)是目前入侵杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)的一种重要天敌, 但在重金属污染的矿区泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的植株寄生率明显降低。故利用同心圆采样法在云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区5 km范围内采集土壤、紫茎泽兰及泽兰实蝇并测定重金属含量, 以研究重金属在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应, 探讨重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制。结果表明: 土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中Pb、Zn和Cd含量随着距矿中心距离的增加而极显著下降, Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎系统中的富集系数分别为0.205~0.614、0.058~0.079和0.222~0.398, 平均值分别为0.453、0.067和0.315, 在紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的富集系数分别为1.06~7.69、9.68~20.13和1.13~1.56, 平均值分别为2.47、12.83和1.42。Cd和Zn属于强聚集, Pb属于很强聚集的元素。本研究结果证明, Pb、Zn和Cd可以在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统逐级传递富集, 并初步阐明了重金属Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的传递规律。这丰富了重金属污染的生态毒理学效应, 为进一步研究重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制奠定了基础。     

用若干有害物饲喂仔鸡后的残留试验

在鸡饲料中添加若干个不同梯度剂量的有毒有害物汞、铅和镉。结果表明，饲料中各种有害物的添加量与鸡肉、鸡肝、鸡肾中的残留量呈正相关。在饲料中，中止添加有害物后，不同的有害物在机体中都有不同程度和速度的衰减。     

磷矿周围环境镉污染情况调查研究

为掌握磷矿区周围镉污染情况,确保畜禽养殖生产安全,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对矿区周围环境中的水源、土壤、饲草和畜禽体内的镉污染程度展开调查。结果：矿区环境中土壤、地表水镉含量均超标;畜禽中牛肾脏、牛肠、牛肺脏、羊脾脏、羊肌肉镉含量超标。结论：磷矿周围环境以及饲养的牲畜存在较严重的镉污染,从公共卫生学角度应给予高度关注。