Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis>)

The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations. The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however, Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time     

镉诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫及其缓解途径

镉 (Cadmium ,Cd)对植物引起的氧化胁迫是Cd毒害的重要原因之一。综述了Cd诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫效应以及麦类作物对Cd氧化胁迫的相应防御反应 ,如抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物含量的变化等 ,并介绍了缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫的机理和途径。     

少花龙葵种间嫁接后代对小白菜生长及镉积累的影响

通过盆栽试验,将茄子、土豆、番茄作为砧木嫁接的少花龙葵后代与小白菜混种,研究了镉胁迫条件下(10 mg kg~(-1)),少花龙葵种间嫁接后代对小白菜生长及镉积累的影响。结果表明:混种少花龙葵种间嫁接后代均能提高小白菜的生物量和叶绿素含量,其大小顺序均为:混种茄子砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代混种土豆砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代混种未嫁接少花龙葵混种番茄砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代单种。同时,混种少花龙葵种间嫁接后代也能提高小白菜根系镉含量、地上部分镉含量及整株镉含量。混种小白菜后,番茄砧木嫁接的木少花龙葵后代的地上部分生物量、地上部分镉含量及地上部分镉积累量较未嫁接少花龙葵均有所提高,分别较未嫁接少花龙葵提高了7.73%、7.54%和15.84%,其余的处理则提高不明显或低于未嫁接少花龙葵。因此,少花龙葵不适合混种镉污染条件下的小白菜,但番茄作为砧木嫁接的少花龙葵后代能够提高少花龙葵对土壤镉污染的修复能力。     

有机酸作用下黄壤无机纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)吸附动力学特性

为探究有机酸对镉在纳米粒级土壤上的有效性及其形态的影响,基于超声—离心—冻融法,应用到四川省名山河流域老冲积黄壤中,获得纳米微粒(≤100 nm),分别研究不同分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、富里酸、EDTA)及其组合(柠檬酸+EDTA、柠檬酸+富里酸、富里酸+EDTA)对土壤纳米微粒吸附Cd~(2+)动力学特性的影响。结果表明,土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的动力学吸附量大小关系表现为:柠檬酸+EDTA富里酸柠檬酸+富里酸柠檬酸富里酸+EDTAEDTA。总的来看,EDTA的抑制作用最强,最能降低土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附。     

品种和土壤对水稻镉吸收的影响及镉生物有效性预测模型研究进展

稻田受重金属镉(Cd)污染后,土壤中的Cd可能被植物吸收通过食物链进入人体,威胁人类健康。而水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累有着深远的影响,因此在进行Cd的农产品安全阈值制定和人体健康风险评价时,需考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和不同水稻品种对Cd吸收的影响。本文综述了水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累的影响,并重点介绍了目前常用于预测重金属生物有效性的模型,以期为环境风险评价、土壤环境质量标准及农产品安全阈值制定提供有效的工具,并为生产安全(无公害)稻米提供参考。     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

腐殖酸对池塘底泥中铅、镉的离子形态分布及其活性的影响

本文探讨了腐殖酸对池塘底泥中铅、镉的离子形态分布及其活性的影响。结果表明,富里酸(FA)能使底泥中铅、镉的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态的含量下降,而有机结合态和可溶态的含量升高,但是胡敏酸(HA)则使其它各形态均向有机结合态转化。随着FA浓度的提高底泥中铅、镉的可溶态含量也呈增高的趋势,但是HA的作用与此相反,这就表明FA能活化底泥中的铅、镉,而HA则起到了钝化作用,且它们的作用随着浓度的增大而增大。另外,无论是FA还是HA它们对底泥中铅、镉的离子形态分布及其活性的影响均表现出对铅的作用大于对镉的作用。     

磷、镉交互作用对烟草生长及吸收积累磷、镉的影响

采用盆栽实验研究石灰性土壤中磷、镉交互作用对烟草生长的影响,结果表明,磷的添加可减轻镉对烟草的危害。随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的增加,烟草生物量呈增加趋势。而当磷浓度为150mg kg-1时烟草生物量显著增加,地上部分变化比地下部分明显;而烟草中镉的含量呈先下降再增加的趋势。当镉浓度相同条件下,随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的增加,烟草中的镉含量呈现先下降再增加的趋势,高浓度镉尤为明显,在镉浓度为40mg kg-1时最为明显。研究还发现,同一磷浓度下,随着镉浓度的增加植株中磷含量呈逐渐下降趋势,此外,植株中镉含量、磷与土壤环境中磷、镉含量浓度呈显著正相关。     

镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢影响研究进展

镉是毒性最强的环境污染物之一。植物中积累的镉可通过食物链进入人体,给人类健康带来潜在危害。镉能抑制植物生长,能使植物形态、生理生化及结构发生改变。镉可减少净光合速率,损伤光合器官;使叶绿素含量下降;抑制气孔开放,从而影响植物的光合作用;镉通过改变植物硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性,进一步影响植物氮代谢过程。光合作用及氮代谢在植物生长发育过程中起着十分重要的作用,综述了重金属镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢的影响,并对其机理进行了探讨。     

Cd2+胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶绿素和可溶性糖含量的影响

以紫花苜蓿为试材,采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd2 胁迫对不同茬期紫花苜蓿的叶绿素、可溶性糖的影响。结果表明:随重金属Cd2 胁迫剂量的加大,3茬紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量呈倒"N"形规律变化,即降-升-降的变化,这与重金属诱导下紫花苜蓿的防御机制有关。3茬紫花苜蓿的可溶性糖含量不同,依次是第1茬>第2茬>第3茬,3茬紫花苜蓿的叶绿素含量不同:低浓度Cd2 下,第2茬>第1茬>第3茬;高浓度Cd2 下,第2茬>第3茬>第1茬。主要原因可能是由于苜蓿的收割,导致Cd流失,胁迫作用减弱或者是多种影响因素综合作用的结果。