野生朱红硫磺菌驯化栽培研究

营养试验、菌丝体培养和出菇温度试验、培养基酸碱度试验、出菇条件试验结果表明：朱红硫磺菌菌丝体适宜生长的温度范围为15-32℃，最适温度范围为22～28℃；子实体发生的最适温度为16～25℃，气温低于16℃，子实体色泽为淡橙色，16℃以上，子实体呈鲜橙红色；培养料适宜营养C／N为20-26／1；朱红硫磺菌菌丝体适宜酸碱度范围为pH3．0～8．0，最适酸碱度为pH4．0—6．5；朱红硫磺菌的产量与光照条件无关，但光照强度影响子实体的发生时间和色泽；朱红硫磺菌栽培原料广泛，凡栽培木腐菌的培养料均可用于栽培朱红硫磺菌。     

Design and performance of recirculating aquaculture system for marine finfish broodstock development

Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions in India present an ideal and unique opportunity for being the leader in tropical marine finfish aquaculture. However, the problem persist due to non-availability of marine finfish seed for the culture. In response to this problem, broodstock development of different tropical marine finfishes for seed production was started. The present study was undertaken to design a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and studying their performance in managing the various water quality required for the marine finfish broodstock development and breeding. The design of RAS, developed in the present study, included a broodstock tank, egg collection chamber, electrical pump, rapid sand filter, venturi type protein skimmer and biological filter. Two RAS were designed, one was stocked with a demersal fish species, orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and the other was stocked with a pelagic fish species, Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) at the rate 1 and 0.5 kg/m³ with a sex ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (female: male) respectively. Various physio-chemical parameters, viz, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, temperature, free carbon dioxide (CO₂) and dissolved oxygen (DO) of both tank water were analyzed to assess the performance of recirculating aquaculture system in maintaining the water quality. Gonadal development of the fishes was assessed and the spawning performance was recorded and finally, economic performance of the system was also evaluated. During the entire experimental period, mean monthly total ammonia nitrogen was less than 0.07 and 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and mean monthly nitrite was less than 0.02 and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ in orange spotted grouper and Indian pompano RAS tanks respectively. The pH (7.8–8.2), DO (>4 mg/L) and alkalinity (100–120 mg/L) were found to be in optimum range in both recirculating aquaculture systems. Carbon dioxide was found to be nil during the entire experimental period in both the systems. In fact these levels were comparable or less than that is reported as the permissible limits for broodstock development. Indian pompano and Orange spotted grouper matured and spawning was obtained with production of fertilized eggs round the year. Economic evaluation showed the price of 10,000 fertilized eggs of orange spotted grouper to be US $ 1.33. The design of RAS devised in the present study is efficient in controlling and maintaining optimum water quality for broodstock development of both demersal and pelagic finfishes. The fishes stocked in RAS attained final maturation and round the year spawning was obtained.     

Quantitative trait loci for fruit size and flowering time-related traits under domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

In cucumber, the genetic basis of traits under domestication and/or diversifying selection is not well understood. Here, we reported QTL mapping for flowering time and fruit size-related traits with segregating populations derived from a cultivated × wild cross. Phenotypic data of flowering time (FT), fruit size (FS), fruit number (FN) and fruit weight per plant (FW) were collected in multiple environments. QTL analysis identified 19 QTL for these traits. We found that the major-effect QTL FT1.1 played an important role in regulating flowering time in cultivated cucumber, whereas the minor-effect QTL FT6.3 contributed to photoperiod sensitive flowering time during domestication. Two novel consensus FS QTL, FS1.4 and FS2.3, seem to be the targets of selection during breeding for the US processing cucumber. All other FS QTL were co-localized with previously detected QTL using populations derived from cultivated cucumbers, suggesting that they were under selection during both initial domestication and subsequent improvement. Results from this study also suggested that the wild cucumber is a useful resource for capturing positive transgressive segregation and novel alleles that could be explored in cucumber breeding.     

Seed Shattering of Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen)

Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a semi‐domesticated relative of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with high nutritious quality. It is tolerant to frost, drought, saline soils and pests. One seed yield limitation is seed loss during the maturity stages. Two greenhouse experiments in Denmark and field experiments in Bolivia were carried out to determine seed shattering in landraces and cultivars with different growth habits. 15–21 % of the seed shattering in the fields took place whilst the plants still were flowering and 25–35 % during physiological maturity. Seed shattering varied between locations on the Bolivian Altiplano. Cañahua types with the semi‐prostrate growth (‘lasta’) had the highest seed shattering rate in the greenhouse experiments. The Umacutama landrace had lower seed shattering (1 %) than the cultivar Kullaca (7.2 %) both of the ‘lasta’ type. Under field conditions, the cultivar Illimani with the erect growth (‘saihua’) had the highest seed shattering rate (6.4–33.7 %) at both locations and at four different sowing dates. The Umacutama had the lowest rate (0.5–1.5 %). There were no significant differences between plants of the ‘lasta’ and the ‘saihua’ types. The landrace had significantly less seed loss than the cultivars. However, in the greenhouse, the landrace yield was approximately 25 % lower than the yields of the cultivars. In general, cañahua cultivars had higher yield compared to landraces, but also a higher seed shattering rate. Landraces may be used in breeding programmes to develop high‐yielding cultivars with reduced seed shattering.     

高效降解有机磷农药真菌的分离鉴定及其特性研究

从有机磷农药严重污染的土壤中分离筛选出有机磷农药高效广谱降解真菌,并对其进行鉴定及降解特性研究。通过有机磷农药驯化培养、形态学和生理生化特性及其18S rDNA序列分析等试验对其进行初步鉴定,研究外界因素初始pH、培养温度、氧化乐果初始浓度等对降解菌的生长量和降解能力的影响。通过驯化分离筛选等过程从污染土壤中筛选到2株可以在高浓度氧化乐果环境下生长的真菌J4和J6,它们经生理生化和18 S rDNA序列测定初步鉴定均为黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）。研究发现,J4和J6菌株在氧化乐果初始浓度1000 mg/L,pH值分别为6.5和6.0,温度分别为30℃和28℃,摇床转速160 r/min条件下,培养5天后降解菌可达到最佳生长量和降解能力,降解率可分别达77.83%和70.81%,耐受氧化乐果的最大浓度均为5000 mg/L,其生长量和降解能力具有正比例相关性变化趋势;并进一步研究发现,曲霉J4和J6还具有广谱降解有机磷农药的特性。     

略阳县五叶草莓种质资源调查与开发利用

为合理开发利用略阳县丰富的五叶草莓资源,本文对五叶草莓的种质资源分布状况进行了调查,发现略阳县五叶草莓主要有白果、粉果和红果3 种类型,平均单果质量0.86～1.27 g,果实可溶性固形物含量7％～9.5％,果实不耐贮藏,主要分布在海拔916～1 630 m 的地区,当地市场销售价格20～80 元/kg,此次调查可为五...     

桦褐孔菌的人工驯化栽培

对由野生桦褐孔菌茵核分离得到的纯茵种,采用不同配方进行母种、原种、栽培袋培养基对比试验及菌核形成条件的研究。结果表明：母种培养基以葡萄糖、黄豆粉综合培养基为最好；原种培养基以玉米粒为最好；茵核人工代料栽培培养料以桦木屑52%、玉米芯26%、麦麸20%、白糖1%、石膏1%、水分65%为最好,生物学效率达30%。     

运动发酵单胞耐酸菌株的诱变筛选及发酵条件的优化

通过对运动发酵单胞菌原始菌株(ZM6)的耐酸驯化、紫外诱变、小型初筛和复筛,获得一株耐酸突变菌株ZM6-3-2.通过突变菌株与出发菌株以及酵母发酵性能的比较表明,ZM6-3-2的发酵蔗汁性能显著优于ZM6菌株和工业生产乙醇的酵母,其最终乙醇质量浓度为56.64 g.L-1,比ZM6菌株的52.18 g.L-1提高了4.46 g.L-1,而且最终乙醇质量浓度、总糖出酒率、总糖利用率均比酵母高出约10%.通过正交试验对该耐酸菌株的发酵培养基进行优化并进行验证,发现含250 g.L-1总糖、10 g.L-1酵母膏、2 g.L-1KH2PO4、0.5 g.L-1(NH4)2SO4、1 g.L-1MgSO4.7H2O,pH 5.5的培养基最有利于ZM6-3-2的发酵,发酵时间短,产乙醇多.     

The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization:a case of the marula tree

Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea(A.Rich.) Hochst.subsp.caffra(Sond.) Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it.Marula fruits can be eaten fresh,squeezed to make juice,brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly.The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics,i.e.,for skin and hai...     

从归化异化角度看沈从文《丈夫》的英译

翻译实践中的两种主要策略——归化和异化,是近年来翻译界研究和争论的焦点。对文学翻译来说,译作要尽可能传递原文的文化和语言色彩,沈从文短篇小说《丈夫》带有浓郁的湘西地域特征和民俗特点,金介甫先生运用异化与归化结合的翻译策略,在尽量保持原语文化色彩的同时,也考虑到译入语的可接受性,这种翻译策略的成功对文学作品的翻译有一定的启示作用。