Changes in the distribution of epifaunal reefs and oysters during 130 years of dredging for oysters in Foveaux Strait,southern New Zealand

1. Foveaux Strait, a narrow seaway that is exposed to heavy wave action and strong tidal currents, has been the subject of an oyster fishery for over 130 years. Before the oyster fishery commenced the seafloor was extensively covered by epifaunal reefs that were tidally‐oriented, linear aggregations of patch reefs. 2. Patch reefs are formed by the bryozoan Cinctipora elegans cemented by encrusting bryozoa, ascidians, sponges, and polychaetes. The molluscan epifauna is dominated by the oyster, Tiostrea chilensis and bysally attached bivalves. Mortality of oysters is probably lower and recruitment and growth may be higher within the reef habitat. 3. Fishers found commercial densities of oysters occurred only on epifaunal reefs. Fishers exploited local groups of reefs. These groups form the patchily distributed oyster beds characteristic of this fishery. 4. Dredging for oysters progressively modified reefs until oysters were the only epifauna remaining. Dredges caught oysters more efficiently after the catch bag no longer became saturated with other epifauna. This heightened efficiency allowed fishers to rapidly reduce oyster density to commercial extinction. Oyster density has not rebuilt on oyster beds abandoned by fishers. 5. The rate of modification of epifaunal reefs was slower during the early years of the fishery but has accelerated, especially over the last 37 years. Frequency of disturbance increased as the numbers of vessels fishing grew and fishers developed speedier dredging methods. Intensity of disturbance also increased as heavier dredges were introduced and allowed focused fishing of reefs. 6. Oysters became reduced to low densities in the eastern and central areas that fishers then abandoned. The commercially exploited area subsequently expanded to the limits of Foveaux Strait. 7. With accelerated modification of oyster habitat, disease mortality has become more important. 8. Attempting to rebuild the fishery by oyster enhancement may be more successful conjoined with habitat restoration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interannual variability in the abundance and composition of spring larval fish assemblages in the Strait of Georgia (British Columbia,Canada) from 2007 to 2010

Spring larval fish assemblages in the Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) were characterized for the first time based on three spatially extensive field surveys in late‐April of 2007, 2009 and 2010, a period which spanned both warm and cold environmental conditions. The abundance, diversity and community structure of the assemblages were examined to investigate interannual variability, and responses to environmental fluctuations. A total of 49 taxa from 23 families were identified. The dominant taxa were Clupea pallasi, Gadus chalcogrammus, Merluccius productus, Leuroglossus schmidti, Lyopsetta exilis and Sebastes spp. Total larval abundance was much lower in 2009 (c. 32 per 1000 m³) than in 2007 and 2010 (c. 200 per 1000 m³). However, the mean size of individuals from several species was largest in 2009. Assemblage structure varied dramatically; from dominance by M. productus in 2007, to dominance by C. pallasi and G. chalcogrammus in 2009, followed by a shift to dominance by benthic species including Sebastes spp. and several flatfishes in 2010. Variability in assemblage structure among the three study years was primarily related to water temperature, whereas within‐year patterns were more closely associated with salinity and chlorophyll, both of which were affected by estuarine circulation. This study provides baseline information about the status of the larval fish community in the Strait of Georgia in recent years, and offers a better understanding of their short‐term dynamics and response to environmental fluctuations.     

台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种

本文软水母样品系“延平”II号调查船于2007年1月和4月在台湾海峡20º849’~27º056’N,114º920’~121º241’E水域采集的。根据台湾海峡模式标本,本文描述了软水母亚纲二新种：黑背多管水母,新种Aequorea atrikeelis sp. nov. 和波状触丝水母,新种Lovenella sinuosa sp. nov.。兹将二新种主要鉴别特征描述于下： 黑背多管水母,新种：伞扁平,略呈凸透镜形;胃宽约为伞径1/2;口唇23个,简单,片状,口唇数比辐管数少二倍;辐管47条;生殖腺线状,几乎延伸整条辐管;缘触手14条,触手基球宽锥状,有1个背龙骨突,覆盖着黑色素斑块;每二条触手间有3个（2～4）退化缘疣;所有触手基球和缘疣均有向轴排泄乳突;每二条辐管间有1个平衡囊。 波状触丝水母,新种：4个生殖腺线状,生殖腺中线纵向分开两侧,每侧有不规则波状皱褶,生殖腺从垂管近基部沿着辐管到接近环管;4条主辐位缘触手,基球很大,在背轴隆起突出,具黑色素斑块,每个触手基球两侧具有8～10对侧丝;每二条触手间有6～7个退化缘疣和7～8个平衡囊;缘疣无侧丝,疣顶端具黑色斑点。 关键词：软水母亚纲;分类;新种;台湾海峡 中图分类号：Q958.8; S932.8 文献标识码：A     

闽中渔场鱼类资源生产量和最大可持续开发量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,依据历次台湾海峡海洋科学调查在闽中渔场所获得的初级生产力为基础,通过2000~2001年对该渔场的浮游植物有机碳含量和生态效率及61种主要经济鱼类的营养级,58种主要鱼类有机碳含量的调查、检测,采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源生产量;进而采用Cadima模式和剩余产量模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量。估算结果:营养动态模型估算鱼类资源潜在生产量为38·59×104t,Cushing模型估算为43·68×104t;Cadima模式估算最大可持续开发量为25·32×104t;Schaefer和Fox模式估算最大可持续开发量分别为23·96×104和25·28×104t,估算的最大持续捕捞力量换算为以福建单拖渔船艘为标准分别为3372和3983艘;1994年以来实际年渔获量在27·00×104~40·01×104t,实际捕捞力量在3897~5967艘标准单拖渔船,已连续11年超过了鱼类资源最大可持续开发量和鱼类资源可承载的最大持续捕捞力量。主要鱼类种群结构出现简单化、小型化和低龄化,生态学参数渐近体长L∞和渐近体重W∞趋小,个体生长速率K加大,体重生长拐点tr提前,初次性成熟年龄提早,捕捞死亡系数提高和开发比率上升,资源明显衰退。必须加强对该渔场鱼类资源的管理,采取有力措施控制捕捞力量的投入和渔获量的产出,以防鱼类资源进一步恶化。     

夏季台湾海峡北部及邻近海域鱼类群落结构及环境解释

根据2014年7月台湾海峡中部、北部及邻近水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料,分析了该水域的鱼类群落结构,包括种类组成、区系特点、优势种、多样性及空间分布等,探讨了鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系,并阐述了鱼类群落的群聚结构。结果表明,调查海域共捕获鱼类84种,隶属于16目、48科、69属。从种类数上看,适温类型以暖水种为主,区系类型以大陆架浅水底层鱼类以及大陆架岩礁性鱼类为主;从生物量组成上看,区系类型则以大陆架浅水中低层鱼类为主。优势种为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum),合计渔获质量占总渔获质量的46.92%,对总渔获质量的回归贡献值分别为0.30和0.62;高生物量区集中分布在台湾海峡北口海域,在空间上表现为明显的生态位重叠。层次聚类分析将群落优势物种划分为2个主要的生态类型:沿海类型和广布类型,沿海类型的代表性物种包括龙头鱼、黄鲫、鳓;广布类型物种有带鱼、窄颅带鱼、七星底灯鱼、竹荚鱼、刺鲳、麦氏犀鳕。Shannon-Wiener多样性、Pielou均匀度和Margalef丰富度的变化范围分别为0.22~2.31、0.11~0.72、0.36~4.04,平均值分别为1.44、0.51、1.59,丰富度与总渔获质量表现为显著负相关(r=?0.65),与深度显著正相关(r=0.48)。物种?环境典范对应分析表明,与物种空间结构关系密切的影响因子为底盐、底层无机氮、底温、表底温差和水深;而影响群落优势群体分布的因子为底温、底盐和底层无机氮。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力和最大持续产量

应用营养动态模式和Cushing模式估算台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力分别为 3 0 6.0 9× 10 4t和3 0 3 .84× 10 4t;Gulland和最大持续产量Yms简单模式估算该海域的最大持续产量分别为 15 5 .0 6× 10 4t和 15 2 .4 9× 10 4t ;Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式估算其最大持续产量分别为 187.0 8× 10 4t和 15 7.89× 10 4t,扣除非可捕群体后 ,实际为 15 9.0 2× 10 4t和 13 4 .2 1× 10 4t;估算以 1996年福建动力拖网渔船单位kW渔捞效率为标准的最适捕捞力量分别为 168.0 4× 10 4kW和 199.4 4× 10 4kW。     

台湾海峡野生牙鲆繁育技术

本文介绍2007年和2008年的12月下旬,选用捕自台湾海峡的野生牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）（2～6kg／尾）作为亲鱼,约经45d左右人工驯养、促熟达到性成熟,在产卵池中自然产卵受精。经过一系列鱼苗培育操作过程,获得健康的苗种。     

海峡两岸花卉产业的优势比较与合作方向

两岸花卉产业虽然在近30年来都有较为快速的发展,但仍处于不同发展阶段。台湾花卉产业的产业化程度及现代化水平相对较高,尤其在新品种研发、生产管理技术应有、市场体系建设及外销市场拓展等方面远远领先于大陆。同时,大陆在种质资源、生产成本、市场潜力方面也有突出优势。加强两岸花卉产业的交流与合作,发挥各自资源条件优势,是促进两岸花卉产业共同发展的有利途径。     

实施星火计划服务海峡西岸经济区建设的若干思考

系统回顾了福建省“十五”期间星火计划的实施情况及服务“三农”的成效,并对“十一五”期间星火计划的发展方向与管理策略提出具体建议。     

不同培育方式对台湾海峡野生牙鲆亲鱼产卵的影响

本文用2种不同培育方式对台湾海峡野生牙鲆亲鱼培育与促熟的效果进行了比较。结果表明,土池培养的亲鱼移入土池网箱中培育促熟,当性腺发育成熟时再从土池网箱移到室内水泥池产卵是亲鱼促熟产卵的较佳方式。