基于Ecotect的不同墙体材料猪舍光热环境和热性能分析

北方地区冬季寒冷漫长,为探究北方冬季养猪的采光及保温问题,该文基于Ecotect软件,以吉林省内某大型猪场的典型猪舍为对象,等比例建模仿真,研究猪舍的光热环境及猪场生产区光环境,探究猪舍内不同高度的采光系数及猪场生产区采光情况,分析4种形式不同墙体材料猪舍的保温性能。结果表明,试验猪舍各研究高度采光系数均高于2%,满足绿色建筑标准;猪场生产区采光良好,在大寒日的太阳辐射量可达5.38 MJ/(m2·d),日照充足无遮挡;通过对比4种形式不同墙体材料猪舍的逐月能耗值,计算出4种形式猪舍中黏土多孔砖猪舍、泡沫混凝土猪舍、酚醛夹芯板彩钢猪舍和低密度聚乙烯薄膜温室大棚猪舍的保温性能最好,考虑成本后更推荐炉渣砖砌体猪舍、粉煤灰加气砌块猪舍、聚苯夹芯板彩钢猪舍和低密度聚乙烯薄膜温室大棚猪舍;通过将试验实测值与软件模拟值进行数据对比,计算得出相对误差范围为0.74%～8.62%,验证了模型的可靠性。该文可以为探究北方猪舍的光热环境提供理论依据,为建筑设计师在方案实施前提供更多优化设计方案的思路。     

装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁轴压受力性能分析

为了研究装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁的轴压力学性能,该研究在仓壁试件轴压试验的基础上,对仓壁试件进行非线性有限元分析,模拟试件加载的全过程,进一步分析试件及其组件在加载过程中的受力性能及工作机理,并对钢板强度、混凝土强度、距厚比等不同的参数影响规律进行了分析.结果表明:有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,在最大试验...     

后墙立体栽培草莓提高冬季日光温室内温度

在日光温室的后墙上,采用管道无土栽培方式进行蔬菜或草莓生产,可以提高温室空间利用率和作物种植量,但可能会出现因为管道和植物的挡光而减少后墙蓄热、降低冬季温室温度的问题。为此,通过冬季连续31 d的温度监测,在3种典型气象（晴天、阴天、雪天）条件下,对比分析了有后墙立体基质栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with equipment,ESG）和无后墙立体栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with no equipment,NSG）温度环境的变化。监测结果表明,ESG的月平均气温较NSG高0.84℃,其中最大日温差为2.22℃,最小日温差为0.14℃。晴天条件下,ESG的日平均冠层温度和1.5 m高度处的空气温度分别是12.72和13.04℃,NSG分别是10.68和11.04℃;ESG的冠层温度最低值是4.68℃,而NSG最低值是4.10℃。可见,ESG较NSG的气温要略高一些;阴天和雪天条件下,2种温室内的温度环境无显著差别。因此,利用日光温室后墙进行立体基质栽培草莓,不但没有降低反而提高了冬季温室内的温度,是一种可行、值得推广应用的温室高效栽培技术。     

铝胁迫下硝普钠对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响

用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理铝胁迫下的黑麦和小麦幼苗,探讨铝胁迫和铝胁迫下外源NO对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响。结果表明:铝显著抑制黑麦和小麦根的伸长生长,小麦受抑制更为严重;SNP处理可缓解铝对黑麦和小麦根伸长生长的抑制作用,1 mmol/L SNP处理最有效。小麦根尖对铝的吸附量和吸附速率显著高于黑麦的,1 mmol/L SNP处理显著降低小麦和黑麦细胞壁对铝的吸附量,使根尖铝含量显著下降。铝与根尖细胞壁的结合是导致植物铝毒害的重要原因,而降低根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附是外源NO缓解铝毒害的重要机制。     

阳台壁挂式太阳能:推进太阳能与建筑节能的结合

中国是一个发展中国家,人均能源资源相对贫乏。目前中国总面积为96亿hm2,耕地面积只有1.2亿hm2,人均耕地面积才只有933.8 m2。每年城乡新建建筑竣工面积约为15亿至20亿m2;建筑能源耗能占全社会总耗能近37%,其中建材的生产能耗占16.7%,用水占城市用水的47%,建筑使用的钢材占全国用钢量的30%,水泥占25%。目前,在中国已建成的近400亿m2的建筑中,99%为高耗能建筑,新建建筑中95%以上也仍属于高耗能建筑,因而建筑节能就成为重中之重。随着节能省地型建筑的大面积推广,高层住宅建筑在城镇建筑中越来越广泛,如何推广太阳能在高层节能建筑中的应用,成为政府、建筑商关注的一个要点。     

Boron-Calcium Synergically Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl₂ solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans -1,2-diami-nocyclohexane- N,N,N,N -tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.     

Characterization of glomalin as a hyphal wall component of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce a protein, glomalin, quantified operationally in soils as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). GRSP concentrations in soil can range as high as several mg g⁻¹ soil, and GRSP is highly positively correlated with aggregate water stability. Given that AMF are obligate biotrophs (i.e. depending on host cells for their C supply), it is difficult to explain why apparently large amounts of glomalin would be produced and secreted actively into the soil, since the carbon could not be directly recaptured by the mycelium (and benefits to the AMF via increased soil structure would be diffuse and indirect). This apparent contradiction could be resolved by learning more about the pathway of delivery of glomalin into soil; namely, does this occur via secretion, or is glomalin tightly bound in the fungal walls and only released after hyphae are being degraded by the soil microbial community? In order to address this question, we grew the AMF Glomus intraradices in in vitro cultures and studied the release of glomalin from the mycelium and the accumulation of glomalin in the culture medium. Numerous protein-solubilizing treatments to release glomalin from the fungal mycelium were unsuccessful (including detergents, acid, base, solvents, and chaotropic agents), and the degree of harshness required to release the compound (autoclaving, enzymatic digestion) is consistent with the hypothesis that glomalin is tightly bound in hyphal and spore walls. Further, about 80% of glomalin (by weight) produced by the fungus was contained in hyphae and spores compared to that released into the culture medium, strongly suggesting that glomalin arrives mainly in soil via release from hyphae, and not primarily through secretion. These results point research on functions of glomalin and GRSP in a new direction, focusing on the contributions this protein makes to the living mycelium, rather than its role once it is released into the soil.     

墙体材料及其组合对日光温室墙体保温性能的影响

利用热反应系数法和日光温室热环境的数学模型模拟分析了日光温室墙体得热量、墙体温度以及室内气温,比较了墙体材料的不同组合对保温性能的影响。结果表明,对不同厚度砖墙聚苯板隔热材料的厚度以0.10m为宜;相同厚度隔热材料在砖墙厚度较薄时保温效果优于较厚的砖墙;砖墙厚度较薄时材料的排列秩序对保温影响较明显。     

基于毛细管网的日光温室主动式集放热系统研究

为了对比日光温室传统保温蓄热后墙与基于毛细管网的主动式集放热系统（AHSCTM）的集放热性能,对AHSCTM的集放热性能进行了测试,构建了AHSCTM水温模型,利用一维差分法对相同环境条件下的外保温复合墙（370mm黏土砖和100mm聚苯乙烯板复合而成）日间储热量和夜间放热量进行了模拟。结果表明,AHSCTM的日间储热量和夜间放热量分别为相同条件下外保温复合墙的84.4%~111.3%和74.8%~100.7%,AHSCTM的COP（Coefficient of performance）为1.1~2.4。在夜间运行期间,AHSCTM放热量是相同时间段内外保温复合墙的98.2%~172.5%。因此,与外保温复合墙相比,AHSCTM有利于提高室内最低气温。改进AHSCTM的日间储热量和夜间放热量得到大幅提升,分别较外保温复合墙高67.6%~112.1%和69.0%~128.3%,COP可达2.8~7.0。改进AHSCTM的储放热性能优于外保温复合墙,说明利用改进AHSCTM配合保温墙体替代传统保温蓄热后墙是可行的。     

高二氧化碳结合低氧处理对杏鲍菇细胞壁的影响

旨在研究高二氧化碳结合低氧处理对杏鲍菇细胞壁成分（蛋白质、多糖、几丁质）、咀嚼度及超微结构的影响。在温度（22±1）℃、相对湿度90％～95％的条件下,以空气为对照（CK）,采用气调（CA,2％O2＋30％CO2）对杏鲍菇进行货架期试验。结果表明,货架期间CA的咀嚼度显著高于CK。 CA可以有效延缓杏鲍菇细胞壁水溶性蛋白质和1 mol/L NaOH可溶性蛋白质的降解,维持了细胞壁总蛋白质含量及细胞壁结构完整。 CA有效抑制杏鲍菇多糖含量的下降,其对水溶性多糖、10 mol/L NaOH可溶性多糖分解的抑制作用较为明显。此外,CA显著促进了水溶性几丁质、10 mol/L NaOH可溶性几丁质、HCl/1 mol/L NaOH可溶性几丁质的积累,延缓其分解,有效抑制了杏鲍菇细胞壁几丁质含量的下降,有助于维持其硬度及咀嚼度。杏鲍菇超微结构结果也表明, CA保持杏鲍菇细胞壁结构的完整性与稳定性,较好地维持杏鲍菇咀嚼度。综上所述,CA通过影响菇体细胞壁的代谢来保持杏鲍菇的食用品质。