黄土坡面细沟流速随细沟发育的特征

研究细沟流速特征是对细沟侵蚀发育机理探讨的必要方面,通过不同雨强(1.5,2.0,1.0mm/min)连续室内纯净水人工模拟降雨试验,分析不同坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)、不同坡长(5,10m)条件下细沟流速随细沟发育的变化特征。结果表明,坡面发生细沟侵蚀且再降雨小于前降雨强度的条件下,细沟流速随时间变化的差异极小,可以利用坡面平均细沟流速进行此阶段的相关研究分析;相同降雨条件下,坡长对细沟流速的影响不显著,细沟流速与细沟流路之间的关系应作为进一步研究对象;细沟流速与坡度呈负相关关系,随着降雨进行,细沟的发育,相关程度逐渐增大。     

陡坡耕地施加PAM侵蚀产沙规律及临界坡长的试验研究

PAM(聚丙烯酰胺 )作为一种土壤结构改良剂施用于地表 ,能显著的减小径流和土壤侵蚀量。本研究设计了一系列人工降雨模拟试验 ,定量研究了坡度、坡长、PAM覆盖度、雨强对陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀产沙的影响。试验采用三种雨强 :5 0mmh- 1 、10 0mmh- 1 、15 0mmh- 1 ,四种坡度 :5°、10°、2 0°、2 5° (8 74%、17 63 %、3 6 4%、46 63 % ) ,四种当量坡长 :8m、16m、2 4m、40m ,五种地表处理 :对照、麦草覆盖、三种PAM覆盖度A、B、C(A 相似文献   

基于APSIM模型的2015-2100年气候变化对中国玉米生产力影响

全球气候变化直接影响作物生产。玉米是中国种植面积最大的粮食作物,系统探究未来气候变化对其生产力的影响对保障玉米高产稳产和粮食安全具有重要意义。为探究未来气候变化对中国玉米生产力影响,该研究基于SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5 共2种气候情景（shared socioeconomic pathways,SSP）1981-2100年逐日气象资料以及中国气象局农业气象观测站玉米生育期数据和土壤数据,使用调参验证后的农业生产系统模拟模型（agricultural production systems simulator,APSIM-Maize）解析了气候变化对中国玉米主产区高产性和稳产性的影响。结果表明：1）未来气候情景下,中国玉米主产区生育期内气温和≥10 ℃有效积温总体呈增加趋势,SSP5-8.5气候情景下升温幅度高于SSP1-2.6气候情景;降水量年际波动大,变化趋势不显著;太阳总辐射呈先增加后减少趋势。2）若不采取适应措施,未来气候变化使玉米全生育期、营养生长期和生殖生长期总体呈缩短趋势,且SSP5-8.5情景下缩短幅度大于SSP1-2.6情景,2080 s缩短幅度大于2030 s和2050 s。3）无适应措施条件下,未来气候变化下研究区域玉米光温潜在产量和雨养潜在产量总体呈下降趋势,SSP5-8.5情景下较SSP1-2.6情景下减产效应更大,2个情景光温潜在产量减产率平均值分别为13.8%和11.9%,雨养潜在产量减产率平均值分别为17.5%和14.0%。玉米潜在产量的稳定性略有提高,但区域间存在差异。因此,未来气候变化使中国玉米生产力总体下降,稳定性略有提高。研究为未来玉米高产稳产和中国玉米种植区划提供理论依据。     

Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Morphological Characteristics of Two Clonal Selections of ‘Russet Norkotah’ Potato as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

New clonal selections with increased vine vigor and stress resistance have been identified for the potato cultivar ‘Russet Norkotah’. However, the importance of clonal variation in nitrogen (N) uptake and root morphological properties is not well known. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N fertilization on dry matter and N accumulation and root morphological parameters of two clonal selections of ‘Russet Norkotah’. A field experiment was conducted in 2002 using the standard ‘Russet Norkotah’ clone (SRC) and Texas selection 112 (TX112) of ‘Russet Norkotah’, grown at 0 and 150 kg N ha^{? 1}. Whole plants were excavated at 54, 76, and 96 days after planting; partitioned into tubers, vines, roots, stolons, and fruits; and their dry matter and N accumulation were determined. Soil cores were obtained from 10 spatial locations relative to the plant, and used for determination of root length (RL), root length density (RLD), root average diameter (RAD), and root dry weight (RDW). Soil inorganic N content was also measured. Nitrogen fertilization increased tuber yield and dry matter and N accumulation. Fertilizer N application did not affect RL, RLD, or RDW, but resulted in a larger proportion of roots close to the top of the potato hill. Tuber yield and dry matter and N accumulation were similar for the two clonal selections. The TX112 clone, however, partitioned more dry matter and N to vines and less dry matter and N to tubers compared with the SRC clone. Soil nitrate concentration was significantly higher for SCR than for the TX112 clone in the fertilized treatment at 54 DAP, and was low and similar between clones thereafter. Root length and RLD were significantly higher for the TX112 clone compared with SRC, and both clones had a similar spatial distribution of roots. Under the conditions of this study where moisture and disease stress were limited and under a short growing season, the larger root system and increased vine vigor of the TX112 clone did not provide any advantage in terms of plant production as either dry-matter accumulation or tuber yield.     

青藏高原坡度坡长因子(LS)空间格局及影响因素分析

地形是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素,但目前关于青藏高原地形因子的分布格局和影响因素有待研究。基于1弧秒分辨率的SRTM(shuttle radar topography mission)高程数据,计算坡度、坡长、LS因子(slope length and steepness factors,LS),结合高程积分和Hack剖面等,对青藏高原LS因子的分布格局、统计分布特征和影响因素进行研究,结果表明：(1)坡度、坡长和LS因子这3个地形指标,均表现出高原内部小、四周高山大的格局,内流区与外流区的坡度均值分别为6.55°和14.3°,坡长均值分别为122.9,172.2 m,LS均值分别为4.8和12.7;(2)青藏高原LS因子整体受坡度影响,但高原边缘陡峭地区LS因子主要受坡长影响;(3)青藏高原6条主要河流的Hack剖面都呈上凸形态,该地区地貌演化整体上处于幼年期;(4)青藏高原LS因子的分布特征与土壤侵蚀类型及其组合有对应关系：周边地区的高值对应冰川侵蚀—水蚀,西北部的低值对应水力—冻融侵蚀和风蚀,东南部边缘向高原内部过渡地区的较高值对应水力—重力侵蚀。通过分析LS因子的分布格局和统计特征...     

两段式冷却对牛肉食用品质的影响

为探讨两段式冷却对牛肉食用品质的影响,以20头杂交牛胴体（延边牛×西门塔尔牛）按试验设计进行两段式冷却（温度-13～-15℃、时间2 h,风速3 m/s,随后转入常规冷却间至24 h）和常规冷却处理（温度0～4℃、时间24 h）相比较,研究不同处理对牛肉食用品质的影响。表明：两段式冷却处理加快胴体温度下降速率,减缓pH值下降速率,显著降低胴体冷却质量损失,使肉的色泽鲜红,提高肉的剪切力,对背最长肌的保水性无影响。可以认为在肉牛屠宰加工流程中,单独采用两段式冷却处理能降低肉的嫩度,但随时间的增加,剪切力值会有所降低,建议应用时结合电刺激处理来同时改善肉的食用品质。     

Genotypic differences in growth,yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat cultivars in response to long-term soil fertility regimes

Determining genotypic responses to soil fertility may assist selection of cultivars that can be adapted to varied soil fertility regimes, and such selection under field conditions is still limited. A two-year field experiment was conducted in long-term field trials to investigate wheat genotype effects on early growth, yield and nutrient accumulation as affected by varied long-term soil fertility managements and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Results show that the early growth, grain yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat plants were strongly affected by soil fertility managements and genotypes. Early shoot and root biomass of singly grown plants and leaf canopy growth under standard growth density was associated with subsequent grain yield of plants under standard growth density across the gradient in soil fertility levels. Taifun and Thasos had stable higher yield and N and phosphorus (P) uptake across varied soil fertility regimes compared with other genotypes. Økilde, however, increased yield by 8–34% and N and P accumulation by 1–22% only when grown in the high organic manure treatment compared with other genotypes, indicating that it is more adapted to high organic fertility regimes. Therefore, the different responses and adaptations of genotypes to soil fertility regimes should be included during selection of cultivars.     

三峡库区面向水土保持的土地利用模式

合理的土地利用方式是三峡库区水土保持的重要基础,对确保三峡水库安全运行和库区生态安全具有重要作用。提出了库岸复合立体农业、有限顺坡耕作、水旱耕地交错布局三种典型土地利用模式,介绍了各种模式的结构和布局设计,分析了各种模式的基本原理及功能。三种模式投入低、操作方便并且高效、实用,适合三峡库区的地形地貌特征和社会经济环境。今后应加强对各种具有水土保持功能的土地利用方式的效应监测和适宜性评价,以筛选出适合三峡库区不同环境条件的土地利用模式。     

红河干旱河谷地区植物根系与砾石对土壤优先路径形成的影响

为探究红河干旱河谷林草地植物根系与砾石特征对土壤优先路径形成的影响,基于染色示踪法在确定研究区样地土壤优先路径的位置及数量的基础上,结合染色区的植物根系与砾石体积含量特征,定量分析二者与优先路径特征的关系。结果表明:(1)林地优先路径发育水平明显优于荒草地; 不同染色影响半径范围下的优先路径连通性也有所不同,其中荒草地中优先路径连通性从大到小为1～2.5 mm,≤1 mm,2.5～5 mm,5～10 mm,>10 mm; 林地为1～2.5 mm,2.5～5 mm,≤1 mm,5～10 mm,>10 mm; 优先路径数量与土层深度和同一土层内染色半径均呈负相关关系,此外,在同一土层内,优先路径的数量与染色半径也呈负相关关系。(2)林地中染色区的砾石总体积含量与土层深度呈负相关,而荒草地中在20—30 cm土层中增多,其余径级下的则随土层深度增加而减少;(3)两种样地中的根长密度与根重密度都随土层的深度增加和根径增大而单调递减,林地中不同径级下的根长密度都明显高于荒草地;(4)林地中优先路径数量的主要影响因子是根径范围在≤1 mm的根重密度和径级为5～10 mm的砾石体积含量; 而荒草地样地中的主要影响因子为根径在≤1 mm和1～3 mm范围下的根重密度、径级在2～5 mm间的砾石体积含量、根径在1～3 mm范围下的根长密度。因此,样地中砾石分布存在明显的空间异质性,细根更易促进优先路径的形成,二者共同影响着优先路径的形成。     

Tillage effects on water storage during fallow, and on barley root growth and yield in two contrasting soils of the semi-arid Segarra region in Spain

In semi-arid areas under rainfed agriculture water is the most limiting factor of crop production. To investigate the best way to perform fallow and its effect on soil water content (SWC) and root growth in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop after fallow, an experiment was conducted on two soils in La Segarra, a semi-arid area in the Ebro Valley (Spain). Fallow was a traditional system used in these areas to capture out-of-season rainfall to supplement that of the growing period, usually lasting 16 months, from July to October of the next year. Soil A was a loamy fine Fluventic Xerochrept (Haplic Calcisol, FAO) of 120 cm depth and Soil B was a loamy Lithic Xeric Torriorthent (Calcaric Regosol, FAO) of only 30 cm depth. The experiment was continued for four fallow-crop cycles in Soil A and for two in Soil B. In Soil A, three tillage systems were compared: subsoil tillage (ST), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). In Soil B, only MT and NT were compared. In the fields cropped to barley, SWC and root length density (LV) were measured at important developmental stages during the season, lasting from October to June. In the fallow fields SWC was also monitored. Here, evaporation (EV), water storage (WS) and water storage efficiency (WSE) were calculated using a simplified balance approach. The fallow period was split in two 8-month sub-periods: July–February (infiltration) and March–October evaporation (EV). In Soil A, values of WSE were in the range 10–18% in 1992–1993, 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 fallow, but fell to 3% in 1995–1996. Among tillage systems, NT showed significantly greater WSE in the July–February sub-period of 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 fallow, but significantly lower WSE in the March–October sub-period, due to greater EV under NT. Consequently, no differences in total WSE were found between tillage systems. In Soil B, WSE was low, about 3–7%, and there were no difference between tillage systems. During the crop period, the differences in SWC and LV between tillage systems were small. Regarding yields, the best tillage system depended on the year. NT is potentially the best system for executing fallow, but residues of the preceding crop must be left spread over the soil.