新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木花粉萌发培养基组分的筛选

为提高人工授粉中巴旦木的产量,本研究采用花粉离体培养法,筛选新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发中不同培养基组分的配方施用量,研究不同培养基配方组分对花粉萌发的影响。实验中在培养基内添加尿素、硼酸、氯化钙、吲哚乙酸、赤霉素和蔗糖,均能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,在一定范围内,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度均随培养基配方组份量的增加而增加,但超过一定添加量时,促进作用逐渐减弱并出现抑制作用。研究结果显示:添加0.1%尿素、0.01%硼酸、0.005%氯化钙、0.0001%吲哚乙酸、0.0015%赤霉素和10%蔗糖时,新疆‘晚丰’巴旦木品种花粉萌发率最高,花粉管长度也达到最大值。本研究结果为实践生产中人工授粉和相关研究提供参考和理论依据,也为进一步顺利进行亲和授粉研究提供前期理论基础。     

Using of AFLP Marker to Predict the Hybrid Yield and Yield Heterosis in Rice

利用AFLP分子标记对46个水稻品种进行遗传多样性分析,继而研究分子标记遗传距离与按照NC设计获得的195个杂交组合的产量及特殊配合力的相关性,探讨预测杂种优势的可能性。结果表明:(1)通过UPGMA聚类分析(图3),可将供试材料分为16个类群,并把来源不明的品种(系)划分到相应类群中,从而对这些材料进行初步鉴定。可见,AFLP分子标记是检测类内品种间遗传差异的有效方法,为水稻品种(系)亲本选配提供理论依据。(2)分子标记遗传距离与杂种产量优势、F1产量、特殊配合力之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数介于0.3235-0.7713之间。但相关程度还不足以预测杂种优势。增效座位和减效座位以及使用与杂种优势有关的QTL连锁标记位点可能提高杂种优势的预测能力,但最终解决,将依赖于杂种优势遗传机理的研究。     

Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

Short time effects of biological and inter-row subsoiling on yield of potatoes grown on a loamy sand,and on soil penetration resistance,root growth and nitrogen uptake

Soil compaction, especially subsoil compaction, in agricultural fields has increased due to widespread use of heavy machines and intensification of vehicular traffic. Subsoil compaction changes the relative distribution of roots between soil layers and may restrict root development to the upper part of the soil profile, limiting water and mineral availability. This study investigated the direct effects of inter-row subsoiling, biological subsoiling and a combination of these two methods on soil penetration resistance, root length density, nitrogen uptake and yield. In field experiments with potatoes in 2013 and 2014, inter-row subsoiling (subsoiler) and biological subsoiling (preceding crops) were studied as two potential methods to reduce soil penetration resistance. Inter-row subsoiling was carried out post planting and the preceding crops were established one year, or in one case two years, prior to planting. Soil resistance was determined with a penetrometer three weeks after the potatoes were planted and root length density was measured after soil core sampling 2 months after emergence. Nitrogen uptake was determined in haulm (at haulm killing) and tubers (at harvest). Inter-row subsoiling had the greatest effect on soil penetration resistance, whereas biological subsoiling showed no effects. Root length density (RDL) in the combined treatment was higher than in the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments and the control, whereas for the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments, RLD was higher than in the control. Nitrogen uptake increased with inter-row subsoiling and was significantly higher than in the biological subsoiling and control treatments. However, in these experiments with a good supply of nutrients and water, no yield differences between any treatments were observed.     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

高山姬鼠胴体重长指标的变化规律

采用胴体重与体长的比值作为胴体重长指标KWL′。对2008－2010年贵州省大方县捕获的285只高山姬鼠(雌鼠138只,雄鼠147只)胴体重长指标进行分析表明,高山姬鼠胴体重长指标在1.38～3.32 g/cm之间,平均为(1.90±0.32) g/cm,雌雄鼠之间差异极显著。不同生境之间差异不显著。不同年龄组之间差异极显著,且随着种群年龄的增长,胴体重长指标不断增加。不同季节、不同月份之间差异显著, 胴体重长指标季节变化趋势为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。胴体重长指标与种群繁殖密切相关,可作为预测种群数量变动的参考依据之一。     

紫外辐射UV-B增加对小麦株高和节间细胞长度影响的初步研究

研究了UV-B强度增加对小麦株高、各节间长度及各节间纵向细胞个数、细胞长度的影响,结果表明：UV- B强度增加,小麦株高呈显著下降趋势,小麦株高下降是由于节间长度缩短,而节间个数不变,且各节间缩短的百分率也有显著的差异,穗下第4,5节间的长度缩短对于株高下降影响的效应较大。显微切片测定节间细胞的纵向长度结果表明：穗下第五节间和穗下第四节间的缩短主要是由于节间纵向细胞个数下降,而穗下第三节间和穗下第二节间的缩短主要是由于节间细胞纵向长度缩短。小麦节间缩短和叶片长度的缩短呈显著的正相关。     

Identification of qRL7, a major quantitative trait locus associated with rice root length in hydroponic conditions

Root system development is an important target for improving yield in rice. Active roots that can take up nutrients more efficiently are essential for improving grain yield. In this study, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses using 215 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Xieqingzao B (XB), a maintainer line with short roots and R9308, a restorer line with long roots. Only a QTLs associated with root length were mapped on chromosomes 7. The QTL, named qRL7, was located between markers RM3859 and RM214 on chromosome 7 and explained 18.14–18.36% of the total phenotypic variance evaluated across two years. Fine mapping of qRL7 using eight BC₃F₃ recombinant lines mapped the QTL to between markers InDel11 and InDel17, which delimit a 657.35 kb interval in the reference cultivar Nipponbare. To determine the genotype classes for the target QTL in these BC₃F₃ recombinants, the root lengths of their BC₃F₄ progeny were investigated, and the result showed that qRL7 plays a crucial role in root length. The results of this study will increase our understanding of the genetic factors controlling root architecture, which will help rice breeders to breed varieties with deep, strong and vigorous root systems.     

桃花粉活性检测和离体萌发特性的研究

果树花粉活力直接影响授粉、受精乃至座果。为了解果树品种的花粉生活力,给引种栽培和杂交育种工作创造有利条件,以桃花粉为试验材料,采用染色方法检测花粉的活性。试验结果表明,含有蓝墨水的花粉培养基,花粉萌发率可以达到64.67%,与对照相比差异不明显,因此该方法比较适合于快速检测花粉活性;固体培养基培养2个品种桃花粉,萌发率比液体培养基培养分别高25%和20%。另外温度、花粉密度、培养基中蔗糖及硼酸浓度都对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度有影响,在温度为24℃、1粒花药/100 μL、10%的蔗糖或100 mg/L的硼酸的条件下,均有利于花粉萌发和花粉管生长。