Contribution of Roots and Mycorrhizal Hyphae on Phosphorus Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays,L.) Genotypes Grown on Calcareous Soil—A Mechanistic Modeling Approach

ABSTRACT

This work was conducted to study phosphorus (P) efficiency of two maize genotypes (Zea mays, L.) in calcareous soil grown in potted soil with two levels of P in soil by adding 40 and 270 mg P/kg soil. Half of the pots were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Rhizoglomus irregulare). The maize genotypes were harvested two times at 35 and 50 days after transplanting. The plant dry matter, root length and Plant P uptake of maize genotype Hagen 1 without mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased significantly compared with Hagen 9 at a low P level. In contrast, there was no significant difference between two maize genotypes inoculated with AMF under the same P level. The predicted value increased rapidly with increasing P levels from about 70% up to 97% in both maize genotypes with and without mycorrhizal fungi. At a low P level, the mycorrhizae hyphae contributed by about 31.6% and 30.2% of the predicted total P uptake in maize genotype Hagen 1 and Hagen 9, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the P-inefficient genotype Hagen 9 improved with inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under a low P level at the same conditions of this experiment. Also, root growth system and mycorrhizal hyphae length would be a suitable plant parameter for studying P efficient maize genotypes, especially under limited P supply. The current study clearly pointed out that the mechanistic simulation model (NST 3.0) provides useful tools for studying the role of AMF in P uptake of plant.     

Molecular mapping of a new gene for resistance to rice blast (Pyricularia grisea Sacc.)

A single dominant blast resistance gene conferring resistance to a Korean rice blast isolate was identified in rice variety `Suweon 365'. We report the chromosomal localization and molecular mapping of this blast resistance gene designated as Pi-18, which confers resistance to Korean isolate `KI-313' of the blast pathogen. To know whether there is a relationship among genes conditioning resistance to location-specific isolates of the blast pathogen and thereby to identify linked markers to resistance gene for isolate KI-313 collected in Korea, RFLP markers previously reported to be linked to major blast resistance genes in different rice germplasm and other markers mapped to nearby regions were surveyed for polymorphism between a resistant (`Suweon 365') and a susceptible (`Chucheongbyeo') parent. Linkage associations of the RFLP markers with the resistance gene were verified using an F2 and F3 segregating population of known blast reaction. RFLP analysis showed that Pi-18 was located near the end of chromosome 11, linked to a single copy clone RZ536 at a distance of 5.4 centiMorgans (cM) and that this gene was different from Pi-1(t). An allelism test revealed that this gene was also different from Pi-k. Currently, a combination of RAPD and microsatellite primers is being employed to find additional markers in this region. Tightly linked DNA markers will facilitate selection for resistant genotypes in breeding programs and provide the basis for map based cloning of this new blast resistance gene. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蚯蚓体表液的组成及其减粘脱土机理分析

蚯蚓的体表液利于减粘脱土。本文利用现代测试仪器,结合生物化学分析技术,研究了蚯蚓体表液和泥鳅分泌液的组成;并应用土壤力学和生物化学等方面的理论,初步探讨了蚯蚓体表液减粘脱土的机理。     

Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas in diseased stone fruits and pear by PCR-RFLP analysis in Turkey

During the late summer-early autumn of 2002, surveys were carried out in Turkey to determine the presence of phytoplasma diseases in fruit trees. Phytoplasmas were detected and characterized by PCR-RFLP analysis and TEM technique in stone fruit and pear trees in the eastern Mediterranean region of the country. Six out of 24 samples, including almond, apricot, peach, pear and plum, gave positive results in PCR assays. RFLP analysis usingSspI andBsaAI enzymes of PCR products obtained with primer pair f01/r01 enabled identification of the phytoplasmas involved in the diseases. Stone fruit trees, including a local apricot variety (‘Sakıt’) and a pear sample, were found to be infected with European stone fruit yellows (ESFY, 16SrX-B) and pear decline (PD, 16SrX-C) phytoplasmas, respectively. This is the first report in Turkey of PD phytoplasma infecting pear and of ESFY phytoplasma infecting almond, apricot, myrobalan plum and peach; ESFY phytoplasma infecting Japanese plum was previously reported. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2005.     

不同材料生物炭和施用量对小麦和黄瓜种子萌发和根茎生长的影响

为明确不同生物炭材料和添加量对小麦和黄瓜种子萌发和根茎生长的影响,通过分析4种不同材料制备生物炭[花生壳生物炭(PBC)、玉米秸秆生物炭(MBC)、杨木屑生物炭(ABC)和竹屑生物炭(BBC)]组分特征,及设计发芽培养试验,测定4种生物炭的不同添加量(0、20.0、40.0、80.0、160.0 g·kg~(-1))对小麦种子(须根系)和黄瓜种子(直根系)发芽率和根、茎生长的影响。结果表明:4种生物炭均呈碱性,孔隙结构明显,表面有-O-、-OH、-C=O等含氧官能团。各生物炭除含有对植物生长有利的营养元素外,其浸提液和施用土壤也测出多种PAHs有机化合物,且不同材料生物炭PAHs含量存在显著差异。与CK相比,生物炭对小麦和黄瓜种子的发芽率无显著影响,但对其根、茎生长影响显著。随着生物炭添加量的增加,两种作物根长和茎长均表现出低添加量促进、高添加量抑制的趋势,达到160.0 g·kg~(-1)生物炭对两种作物的根长和茎长均表现出明显抑制作用。PBC添加量在80.0 g·kg~(-1)时,小麦根长、茎长提高101.67%和173.82%,对黄瓜根长、茎长分别提高了31.58%和85.14%,效果最优;而MBC、ABC和BBC则在添加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)时达到最优效果,小麦根长、茎长生长率提高了45.26%～83.49%和79.30%～133.17%,对黄瓜根长、茎长生长率提高了18.55%～39.77%和63.14%～84.00%。总体上,各生物炭处理对须根系小麦种子根长和茎长的促进效果优于直根系黄瓜种子。研究表明,不同原料生物炭组分和性质差异显著,其材料种类和投入量均极显著影响小麦和黄瓜根、茎早期生长,且交互作用显著,因此,根据生物炭制备材料,探讨其理化特性,并筛选其最适用量,对生物炭的安全应用具有重要意义。     

不同蛋白质含量类型小麦的茎型指标分析

为给优质高产小麦的育种和栽培建立茎型指标体系,2002～2003年度和2003～2004年度分别以不同蛋白质含量类型的小麦品种(系)71个和94个为供试材料,测定了株高、各节间长度、籽粒蛋白质含量和产量,研究了不同蛋白质含量类型小麦的株高和各节间长度等茎部性状的差异及其与产量的关系.结果表明,高蛋白质含量类品种的株高、倒2节间长和倒3节间长显著大于低蛋白质含量类型品种;高蛋白高产类型小麦的适宜株高、穗下节间长、倒2节间长和倒3节间长分别为85～107 cm、27 cm 以上、23 cm左右和14 cm左右,在适宜范围内以各项值稍大较为理想;低蛋白质含量、高产类型的品种则分别为85 cm以下、30 cm 以下、18.5 cm左右和12 cm左右,在适宜范围内各项值以稍小较为理想.     

汕优63杂合性的RAPD和AFLP分析

 利用57个RAPD引物和15个AFLP引物分析了明恢63与珍汕97A之间1209个位点的杂合性。结果表明,57个RAPD引物能扩增出394条带,平均每个引物扩增6.9条,多态性带129条,汕优63的杂合性为32.74%;15个AFLP引物共扩增出815个位点,平均每个引物扩增54.33条,多态性带289条,汕优63的杂合性为35.46%。1209个位点显示汕优63的杂合性为34.57%。     

小麦温敏不育系BNS366育性转换的敏感期研究

为了确定BNS366育性转换的敏感时期和温光阈值,探寻杂交制种最佳时空区域,2011-2013年度在长沙进行了分期播种,研究了BNS366群体不同生育时期的气象因子与花粉败育率、自交不育度和自交实粒数等性状的相关关系。结果表明,播种-分蘖盛期的气温与育性呈极显著相关;拔节始期-孕穗始期的日平均气温、日最低气温和日长也与育性呈极显著相关。即BNS366育性受到播种-分蘖盛期和拔节始期-孕穗始期温光因子的影响。播种-分蘖盛期的日平均气温为17.1~21.7℃不育,日平均气温为14.0~16.2℃育性转换,日平均气温为5.5~6.2℃可育。BNS366育性转换的敏感时期为群体拔节始期-孕穗始期,即小花原基分化期-药隔形成期。育性转换的温光阈值:日平均气温6.6~8.10℃,日长10.92~11.18h不育;日平均气温8.13~10.72℃,日长11.40~11.53h育性转换;日平均气温15.5~18.4℃,日长11.75~12.33h完全可育。     

Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.)

It is well established that increasing soil bulk density (SBD) above some threshold value reduces plant root growth and thus may reduce water and nutrient acquisition. However, formation and elongation of maize seminal roots and first order lateral (FOL) roots in various soil layers under the influence of SBD has not been documented. Two studies were conducted on a loamy sand soil at SBD ranging from 1.25 g cm^–3 to 1.66 g cm^–3. Rhizotrons with a soil layer 7 mm thick were used and pre‐germinated plants were grown for 15 days. Over the range of SBD tested, the shoot growth was not influenced whereas total root length was reduced by 30 % with increasing SBD. Absolute growth rate of seminal roots was highest in the top soil layer and decreased with increasing distance from the surface. Increasing SBD amplified this effect by 20 % and 50 % for the top soil layer and lower soil layers, respectively. At the end of the experiment, total seminal roots attributed to approximately 15 % of the total plant root length. Increasing SBD reduced seminal root growth in the lowest soil layer only, whereas FOL root length decreased with SBD in all but the uppermost soil layer. For FOL, there was a positive interaction of SBD with distance from the soil surface. Both, increasing SBD and soil depth reduced root length by a reduction of number of FOL roots formed while the length of individual FOL roots was not influenced. Hence, increasing SBD may reduce spatial access to nutrients and water by (i) reducing seminal root development in deeper soil layers, aggravated by (ii) the reduction of the number of FOL roots that originate from these seminal roots.