Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet

Rather than a human-centric, the basic strategy of achieving Sustainable Development Goals must be focused on restoring and sustaining planetary processes. The urgency of meeting the demands of the humanity must be reconciled with the necessity of enhancing the environment. Increasing and restoring soil organic matter content of the degraded and depleted soils is critical to strengthening planetary processes.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对茶树生理代谢的影响及应对技术

大气中的二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高是工业革命以来全球范围内最重要的生态变化之一,将直接影响植物的生长发育和代谢过程。尽管CO2浓度升高对粮食作物的影响已经得到了广泛的研究,但其对茶树等重要经济作物的影响却很少受到关注。本文回顾和总结了CO2浓度升高对茶树的初级代谢(包括光合作用、呼吸作用和碳氮代谢)和次级代谢的影响,并探讨了CO2浓度升高环境下茶叶生产过程中的应对技术,旨在为CO2浓度升高背景下茶树优质高产栽培提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

Effects of cover crop growth and decomposition on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and soil microbial carbon dynamics

Although the effects of cover crops (CC) on various soil parameters have been fully investigated, less is known about the impacts at different stages in CC cultivation. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of CC cultivation stages and residue placement on aggregates and microbial carbon (C_mic). Additionally, the influence of residue location and crop species on CO₂ emissions and leached mineralized nitrogen (N_min) during the plant degradation period was also investigated. Within an incubation experiment, four CC species were sown in soil columns, with additional columns being kept plant‐free. After plant growth, the columns were frozen (as occurs in winter under field conditions) and then incubated with the plant material either incorporated or surface‐applied. With CC, concentrations of large and medium macroaggregates were twice that of the fallow, confirming positive effects of root growth. Freezing led to a decrease in these aggregate size classes. In the subsequent incubation, the large macroaggregates decreased far more in the samples with CC than in the fallow, leading to similar aggregate size distributions. No difference in C_mic concentration was found among the CC cultivation stages. CO₂ emissions were roughly equivalent to the carbon amounts added as plant residues. Comparison of columns with incorporated or surface‐applied residues indicated no consistent pattern of aggregate distribution, CO₂ emission or C_mic and N_min concentrations. Our results suggest that positive effects of CC cultivation are only short term and that a large amount of organic material in the soil could have a greater influence than CC cultivation.     

模拟降雨条件下纳米碳对黄土坡面养分流失的影响

基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,初步研究了90mm/h的降雨强度下,条施不同纳米碳含量(质量含量分别为0,0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg)对黄土坡面水分及养分流失调控的影响。结果表明:(1)纳米碳含量对降雨入渗过程及坡面产流量有显著影响,随着纳米碳含量的增大,平均入渗率呈增大趋势,而径流量呈减小趋势。(2)与对照相比较,纳米碳的存在可显著缓解土壤侵蚀。纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区可分别降低坡面径流量40%,41%,68%和74%,降低坡面产沙量为27%,50%,68%和79%。(3)条施纳米碳可以有效保持黄土坡面土壤养分含量。与对照组相比较,纳米碳的质量比为0.01,0.05,0.07,0.10kg/kg的小区分别降低径流氮的流失量为47%,52%,74%和79%,降低泥沙氮的流失量为10%,60%,74%,87%;分别降低径流磷的流失量为63%,63%,88%和86%,降低泥沙磷的流失量为29%,56%,86%,83%;分别降低径流钾的流失量为43%,46%,81%和83%,降低泥沙钾的流失量为25%,62%,78%,87%。     

PEG/Activated Carbon Phase Change Materials of Modified Asphalt

Phase change material modified asphalt is prepared by using PEG/activated carbon composite solid-solid phase change materials for asphalt modification. Phase change materials modified asphalt with different ratios are aged and treaded alterably at high or low temperature, and then its appearance is observed. The properties of the modified asphalt, such as ductility, softening point, etc., are tested by using electronic tensile testing machine and thermal mechanical analyzer. Experiments show that when the content of PEG/activated carbon phase change material is 20%, the ductility of modified asphalt is the best; when the content of phase change material is 15% to 20%, the softening point of modified asphalt is obviously improved.     

外源碳氮对植物生态化学计量特征的影响研究进展

为了了解全球二氧化碳（CO2）浓度升高和人为N沉降加重的环境条件对植物养分状况的影响,笔者分析了森林植物的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量以及生态化学计量比对于外源C、N及其交互作用响应的国内外文献数据。分析结果表明：1）CO2浓度升高将提高植物对C的吸收,降低植物N含量,导致植物的C：N在大部分试验中表现为增加趋势,外源C、N对植物P含量的影响结果不一,从而使N：P在不同的试验中结果不同;2）短期人为N沉降会增加植物的C、N含量,降低P含量,植物的C：N有所降低,而N：P却呈升高趋势;3）在CO2和N沉降二者交互作用下,植物N、P含量及其化学计量比的变化可能会出现“中和反应”,在不同的试验可能会表现出升高、降低或不变的趋势。CO2浓度升高和大气N沉降加重呈现出越来越明显的趋势,对生态系统结构和功能的影响也逐渐成为国内外生态学家研究的热点。本研究可为深入探讨外源C、N增加条件下的生态系统养分循环和生态化学计量特征提供参考依据,以便更好的提出CO2浓度升高和N沉降加重的大气背景下植物生长的应对策略。     

Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Leaf Ash Content and Grain Yield in Bread and Durum Wheat Grown under Full-Irrigated Conditions

Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (m_a) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, m_a and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for m_a. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high.     

Ⅰ_214杨树苗源叶和库叶~(14)C-同化物的代谢及影响其运输、分配的因素

源叶LPI_12和库叶LPI_2在引入~(14)CO_25min后,首先合成糖,约为总同化物的80％。随着时间的延长,糖的含量开始下降。但LPI_(12)下降速率慢,LPI_2下降速率快。2h后,LPI_12和LPI_2糖含量分别下降到70％和43％。除蛋白质外,LPI_(12)其它活跃代谢成分氨基酸、有机酸均呈下降趋势,结构成分纤维素因合成甚微,所以曲线变化很小。LPI_2中所有成分几乎均呈上升趋势,尤其是结构成分和氨基酸含量上升显著。淀粉和半纤维素变化规律是先上升后下降。由此推测,库叶内同化物向外运输的限制可能是糖迅速被利用并转变成其它物质。源叶由于合成代谢弱,所以向外运输比较多。说明同化物的代谢与同化物的运输密切相关。研究中还发现,同一直行列上的叶片,其同化物的运输具有相对独立性。~(14)C-同化物的运输与分配受控于运输通道,“库强”及其它因素。运输通道及“库强”是控制~(14)C-同化物运输的两个重要因素。而“源一库”间的距离,相对来说是较次要的。     

狐狸早期妊娠诊断初步研究

利用玫瑰花抑制实验,检测蓝狐妊娠前后免疫机能变化。以确定蓝狐孕血清中是否也存在早孕因子现象。为进一步研究狐狸的早孕检测方法提供基础资料。通过检测雌狐配种前后花抑滴度（ＲＩＴｓ）值。结果表明：怀孕动物与发情期、非妊娠动物的ＲＩＴｓ是有区别的。在实验中所检测发情期雌狐与未孕雌狐血清ＲＩＴｓ值均小于或等于１２,而妊娠雌狐血清ＲＩＴｓ值一般都在１８以上。据此,可以进行雌狐早期妊娠诊断。     

Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Ash Content and Grain Yield in Wheat in the Peninsular Zone of India

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and ash content (m_a) have been proposed as indirect selection criteria for grain yield in wheat. The associations between Δ, m_a and grain yield were found, however, to depend highly on the environmental conditions, the organ sampled and the time of sampling. In this study, carried out in the warm conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India, the relationship between Δ, m_a and yield was studied in 30 bread and durum wheat cultivars under residual soil moisture stress (RSMS), post‐anthesis water stress (PAWS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Both Δ and m_a were analysed in young seedlings (four‐leaf stage), leaves at anthesis and grain at maturity. Ash content was also evaluated in leaves at booting stage and maturity. Grain Δ was lower under PAWS and RSMS than under WW, while seedling and leaf Δ did not significantly differ among water regimes. Grain yield was positively correlated to grain Δ under PAWS and negatively correlated to grain m_a under RSMS. A significant positive correlation was noted under RSMS and WW treatments between m_aL_m and grain yield. Ash content in leaf at maturity consequently appears to be a useful indirect selection criterion in environments where Δ does not show any correlation with yield. The results highlight the potential of Δ and m_a as indirect selection criteria for wheat yield in the conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India.