25%甲维·毒死蜱水乳剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治研究

毒力测定结果表明,甲维盐、毒死蜱的比例为1∶124时,对稻纵卷叶螟的LC50(18.86mg/L)最低,共毒系数(156.02)最高,增效作用最大。田间试验结果表明,药后7 d,25%甲维.毒死蜱水乳剂600~1200 mL/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟的防效为86.40%~94.42%,表现出较强的胃毒、触杀性,与对照药剂毒死蜱乳油、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油无显著差异;药后14 d,25%甲维.毒死蜱水乳剂600~1200 mL/hm2对稻纵卷叶螟的防效为76.92%~88.00%,与对照药剂毒死蜱乳油的防效(77.17%)无显著差异,显著优于甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油的防效(55.00%);25%甲维.毒死蜱水乳剂对稻纵卷叶螟的保叶效果以1200 mL/hm2为最好,达79.24%。25%甲维.毒死蜱水乳剂防治稻纵卷叶螟的适期为卵孵盛期和低龄幼虫高峰期,推荐剂量为900~1200 mL/hm2,施用方式应选择在无露水时均匀细喷雾。     

姜精油的香气成分及其生物活性研究

[目的]研究姜精油的香气成分及其生物活性。[方法]试验采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定姜精油香气成分,同时对姜精油的体外抗氧化活性进行了测定,包括总抗氧化活性、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的能力等。[结果]香气成分方面,姜精油共鉴定出52个化合物,包括烯类24种,醇类16种,酸类5种,酮类3种,醛类2种,酯类1种,芳香类化合物1种;抗氧化性方面,姜精油具有较好的抗氧化活性,较高的DPPH自由基及ABTS自由基清除能力。[结论]研究可为姜精油的开发利用提供参考依据。     

松针瘿蚊及其检疫重要性

松针瘿蚊隶于双翅目(Diptera),瘿蚊科(Cecidomyiidae),鞘瘿蚊属(Thecodiplosis),多危害赤松、黑松等松属植物,均以幼虫取食针叶基部组织形成虫瘿,植株受害后树势衰弱,易受到次期性病虫危害,严重影响植株正常生长。该虫原产于日本,现分布于韩国、朝鲜,中国的福建、广东、山东。松针瘿蚊成虫体型微小,在各个发育阶段形态特征变化很大。该虫一年发生一代,以老熟幼虫在林下土壤中越冬长达5~6个月,整个幼虫期都处于隐蔽状态。其飞行能力弱,幼虫和蛹依靠寄主植物或与其同苗圃的土壤调运等进行远距离传播和扩散。松针瘿蚊入侵我国后,其疫情扩散蔓延到周围省区的可能性大大增加,势必对国内松林的安全和相关产业的发展构成威胁。开展松针瘿蚊疫情调查,研究其快速鉴定方法,对及时通报疫情,防止该有害生物的进一步蔓延,减少经济损失具有重要的意义。     

重阳木斑蛾生物学特性观察及综合防治技术

[目的]探讨重阳木斑蛾的生物学特性和综合防治技术。[方法]于2005～2007年通过田间系统调查和定点采样调查观察该虫的生物学特性,并通过药剂防治试验探讨控制该虫的综合防治技术。[结果]该虫在苏州地区1年发生4代,以老熟幼虫在重阳木树皮、枝干、缝隙、树下土中等处越冬。第1～4代幼虫为害高峰期分别为:5月中、下旬至6月中旬,7月上、中旬至8月上旬,8月下旬至9月中、下旬,10月下旬至11月中旬。经试验,在第2、3代幼虫1～2龄高峰期分别用20%米满胶悬剂2000倍液,25%灭幼脲3号悬浮剂1000倍液,5%抑太保乳油1500倍液,BT乳剂1000倍液,2.5%溴氰菊酯(敌杀死)乳油2000倍液等药剂防治,效果显著,校正防效达85.60%～96.40%。[结论]该研究为重阳木斑蛾的科学防治提供了试验依据。     

Relationships between biological and physico-chemical soil characteristics in a mediterranean agricultural area

Fourteen agricultural soils from various areas of Tuscany were characterized by a range of measurements indicative of soil biological activity. The objective of our research was to identify soil parameters suitable as indicators for evaluating their quality. In general, enzyme activities were found to vary widely, with the highest activity for each enzyme being distributed among only five of the 14 soils studied. The narrowest range (14-fold) in enzyme activities for the various soils was observed for catalase and the widest range (577-fold) for g -glucosidase. Biomass C and, among the measured enzyme activities, amylase, were well correlated with total organic carbon, total N, cation and anion exchange capacity. Positive correlations were found between the maximum water holding capacity and dehydrogenase, amylase, biomass C, FDA hydrolytic activity, the biological index of fertility and the enzyme activity number, so showing that soil moisture may play an important role in affecting soil biological characteristics. No significant correlations were observed among the soil enzymes themselves. The FDA hydrolytic activity appeared to be the index most related with the other biological characteristics tested in this study and, for this reason, can be considered the most effective index for putting in evidence relationships existing between the different biological characteristics in the soils investigated.     

三峡库区皇竹草的生物学特性与栽培模式

在对三峡库区生态环境与皇竹草生态适应性分析基础上,进行了不同海拔高度皇竹草越冬保种、无性繁殖与生物学特性观测等试验,提出了三峡库区皇竹草的栽培模式。结果表明:皇竹草适宜于三峡库区栽植与利用,能在三峡库区生态环境建设及退耕还草养畜工程中大力推广应用。     

中国新归化大戟科植物--头序巴豆

本文报道了大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)巴豆属的植物头序巴豆(Croton capitatus)在中国的首次入侵纪录,及该种的形态特征、地理分布、生物学特征、入侵危害和防治措施,澄清了关于密毛巴豆(Croton lindheimeri)在中国归化的错误,以期为外来入侵植物的鉴定及防控提供借鉴。     

Environmental effects related to the local absence of exotic fish

Given the extent of biological invasions in industrialized countries, our understanding of the determinants of overall patterns of biological invasions could gain most from consideration of why exotic species are absent from some areas, rather than from distribution patterns of exotic species. Fish communities were sampled at 381 sites representing 221 rivers in the Adour-Garonne stream system (116 000 km², SW France). Very few rivers were not colonized by exotic fish species, however, on a local basis, only 33% of the sampling sites hosted exotics. Using General Linear Modelling, we found that patterns of exotic fish (occurrence, number of species, proportion within assemblage) responded to both land-use and physical variables, whereas patterns of native fish only responded to the local meso-scale characteristics of each stream reach from headwaters to mouth. All fish communities were susceptible to invasion regardless of native species richness, and higher native species richness did not decrease the opportunity for establishment by exotic species. The likelihood that exotic fish are absent primarily increased with elevation and with lower human influence upon the land cover, while human-impacted landscapes (agricultural and urban areas) were more likely to host exotic fish and higher numbers of exotic species. In light of urban and agricultural development, our ability to detect responses of exotic species to landscape alterations using a combination of simple physical and land cover variables exemplifies a cost-effective technique for assessing areas at greater invasion risk in large stream systems.     

Sustainable management of wildlife habitat and risk of extinction

Whether land management planning provides for sufficient habitat to sustain viable populations of indigenous wildlife is one of the greatest challenges confronting resource managers. Analyses of the effects of land management on natural resources often rely on qualitative assessments that focus on single species to reflect the risk of wildlife extinction across a planning area. We propose a conceptual framework for sustainable management of wildlife habitat that explicitly acknowledges the greater risk of an extinction event when considering the viability of multiple species, e.g., an indigenous vertebrate fauna. This concept is based on the principle that the likelihood of at least one event (i.e., species extinction) is the joint probability of the extinction probabilities of individual species, assuming independence among species’ responses to disturbance. We present an ecological rationale to support the view that, at a spatial scale of 10⁴-10⁶ ha (i.e., planning area) and a temporal scale of 10² years (i.e., planning horizon), wildlife species operating at varying ecological scales respond relatively independently to disturbances typically associated with land management. We use a hypothetical scenario of a wildlife viability assessment and Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that the probability of ‘any extinction’ is consistently higher than the probability of the ‘single most likely’ extinction, and that the difference between these values increases as more disturbance-sensitive species (i.e., species at risk) are analyzed. We conclude that risk assessments that rely upon the most sensitive single species may substantially underestimate the risk of wildlife extinction across a planning area. Furthermore, the selection of a planning alternative based on relative threat of local extinction of wildlife populations can vary depending on which paradigm is used to estimate risk to viability across the planning area.     

互花米草入侵对闽江口湿地土壤磷形态及释放风险的影响

选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩裸滩湿地和互花米草入侵裸滩湿地土壤为研究对象,测定其磷形态以及吸附特性,探讨互花米草入侵下裸滩湿地土壤磷赋存形态、吸附特性及其潜在释放风险的变化。结果表明:无机磷(IP)是2种湿地类型土壤磷的主要形态,分别占裸滩和互花米草湿地土壤总磷(TP)含量的61.40%和61.01%;互花米草入侵裸滩湿地后,土壤中总磷、无机磷、铁铝磷(Fe/A1-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)含量总体上显著增加,其增加比例分别为12.58%,9.49%,11.11%和5.32%,而有机磷(Org P)含量无显著变化;互花米草入侵对土壤无定形态铁(Feox)、铝(Alox)、磷(Pox)、吸附指数(PSI)和吸附饱和度(DPS)影响不一致,其中Feox和DPS总体上变化不明显,Alox有所降低,而Pox和PSI显著增加;裸滩湿地土壤磷潜在释放风险指数(ERI)为12.69,属于中度风险,而互花米草入侵后,土壤ERI降为9.98,表现为较低风险,说明互花米草入侵对土壤磷潜在释放风险具有一定削弱作用。