Biocontrol Efficacy of Two Antagonistic Yeasts Against Postharvest Diseases in Peach Fruits During Storage Periods

Two antagonistic yeasts, Thichosporon pullulans and Cryptococcus laurentii, were investigated for their biocontrol potential to blue mold rot and rhizopus rot on harvested peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Okubao), alone or in combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ). The results indicated that T. pullulans and C. laurentii were effective at reducing disease incidence and severity of blue mold rot and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. Biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii and T. pullulans were significantly enhanced by combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1) against blue mold and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. T. pullulans and C. laurentii combined with a low dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ) resulted in better disease control than either iprodione or the yeasts used alone. Dipping fruits in suspensions of antagonist cells showed the similar control effect as the treatment with iprodione (500 μg ml-1 ).     

土壤拮抗链霉菌R15菌株发酵产物的抑菌作用

对一株土壤拮抗链霉菌(Streptomycespp.)R15菌株发酵液的抑菌效果、热稳定性和酸碱稳定性以及作用机制进行了初步研究。结果表明,拮抗链霉菌R15发酵液对棉花枯萎病菌分生孢子萌发抑制作用强,抑制率达98.37%。烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发后芽管顶端膨大成球形,芽管停止生长;烟草炭疽病菌孢子萌发后不能产生附着胞,且芽管顶端有突起。处理烟草黑胫病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌菌丝畸变、扭曲、菌丝壁消解;R15通过菌丝缠绕、穿透、紧贴的方式重寄生于烟草黑胫病菌菌丝上,致使菌丝断裂。链霉菌R15发酵液的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性较强,在20～55℃,pH3～9范围内都具有抑菌活性。     

水体富营养化中的氮素污染及生物防治技术研究现状

针对目前严重的水污染问题,综述了河流和湖泊富营养化污染的形成原因、产生的危害和其中重要污染因素"氮素"的污染状况,并对消除氮素污染的生物防治技术从基本方法、原理和工艺等方面进行了深入的探讨,为更好的解决水体氮素污染问题提供了依据。     

川硬皮肿腿蜂防治柳树星天牛试验初报

星天牛是一类以杨树、柳树等为食的蛀干害虫,利用川硬皮肿腿蜂来防治其幼虫,结果表明,川硬上肿腿蜂对天牛幼虫的寄生效果最高可达43.63%,最低的也可达5.17%,2次平均可达26.93%。表明川硬皮肿腿蜂防治星天牛是一项行之有效的生物防治技术。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治植物真菌病害研究进展

介绍了枯草芽孢杆菌防治植物真菌病害的研究进展,阐述了枯草芽孢杆菌生防机制、育种及发酵培养研究概况。讨论了目前枯草芽孢杆菌在生防研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

Mosquito-killing water molds isolated from soil samples collected in Taiwan

Mosquito-killing water molds were isolated from soils collected from various parts in Taiwan. The first-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were used as baits. A total of 453 soil samples were collected from Taipei, Ilan, Hualien, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Taichung, Tainan, Nantou, Chiayi, Yunlin and Pintung. Four mosquito-killing Pythium spp. and one Saprolegnia sp. were isolated from the soil samples. Using zoospores of the Pythium spp. as inoculum to infect the first-instar larvae, scanning electron micrographs showed that most zoospores attached in the anal gill and a few attached between head and thorax. Thus, Pythium spp. is a potential biocontrol agent against first-instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus.     

水稻纹枯病生防菌株筛选及防病促生研究

通过温室和大田试验研究31株生防菌对水稻纹枯病的防治效果和对水稻秧苗的促生效果.温室试验结果表明,人工接种纹枯病痛原菌20d后,31株生防菌株中有7株对水稻纹枯病的温室防治效果在50％以上,其中KJ33的防治效果最好,防效达到61.22％;有9株生防菌株对水稻秧苗生物量的增加量超过20％.选取在温室条件下防病和促生效果较好的2LN3、K J33和1LN6生防菌进行大田试验,结果表明3次统计调查结果中,2LN3在第30天防效超过常规药剂,且超过50％.生防菌株2LN3对水稻纹枯病表现出一定的防病促生效果,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Antifungal substances produced by fungal strain Kyu-W63 from wheat leaf and its taxonomic position

Fungal strain Kyu-W63 from a wheat leaf suppressed the development of wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that Kyu-W63 produced two volatile substances: 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde and 5-(4-pentenyl)-2-furaldehyde. Although the two are known to be nematicidal substances, the antifungal activity of 5-(4-pentenyl)-2-furaldehyde was first confirmed in the present study. Culture experiments revealed that synthesized 5-pentyl-2-furaldehyde had antifungal activity against three other pathogens – Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Colletotrichum fragariae, Botrytis cinerea – with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2–4µg/ml. The two fractionated substances were also inhibitory against C. fragariae. Because the absence of spores in strain Kyu-W63 made its identification difficult, the sequence in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Kyu-W63 was compared with that of Irpex lacteus, which is known to produce these substances. Strain Kyu-W63 completely agreed with I. lacteus in terms of the ITS sequences, so strain Kyu-W63 was inferred to be I. lacteus. Two other strains of I. lacteus tested also produced the two furaldehydes and suppressed the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Both Kyu-W63 and additional strains produced the two furaldehydes on potato dextrose agar but not on water agar.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ databases under accession numbers AB079264, AB079265, AB079266, and AB079267     

烟草赤星病生防菌的分离与鉴定

从连作障碍较严重的烟草根际土壤中分离出49株细菌活体纯培养物,依次编号为HHHB1～HHHB49,并筛选出对烟草赤星病病原菌（Alternaria alternate）具有拮抗活性的菌株HHHB7和HHHB19,二者抑菌圈直径分别为5、23 mm。二者初步定性为具有生防活性。多相鉴定结果表明,活性最强的菌株HHHB19隶属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,暂定名Pseudomonas sp. HHHB19。盆栽试验证实,HHHB19菌株悬液叶面喷雾混合处理对烟草赤星病不同发病阶段均表现出一定的防治效果,其中喷施14 d后防治效果达61.83%。菌株HHHB19可作为良好的生防菌备用资源。