日粮中添加维生素C对热应激长毛兔的影响

[目的]探讨日粮中添加维生素C对长毛兔夏季热应激的缓解效果。[方法]选择80只10月龄长毛兔随机分成5组,分别为对照组、试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,在夏季高温条件下在基础日粮中分别添加0、500、1 000、1 500和2 000 mg/kg维生素C粉,研究维生素C对缓解长毛兔热应激效果的作用。[结果]夏季长毛兔基础日粮中添加维生素C可以有效提高单次产毛量。日粮中添加维生素C对长毛兔血清中葡萄糖、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、甘油三酯、胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白的影响较小,对全血中白细胞(WBC)、中值细胞(MID)、嗜中性粒细胞(GRN)和红细胞(RBC)数量的影响较大。从经济成本等综合考虑,为缓解夏季热应激,长毛兔基础日粮中维生素C的适宜添加量为1 000 mg/kg。[结论]夏季高温时,在长毛兔日粮中添加维生素C能有效缓解长毛兔的热应激效应。     

北京怀柔水库流域土地利用变化及其驱动力研究

使用1990~2005年3期遥感影像数据作为信息源,通过GIS手段,分析怀柔水库流域近15年土地利用变化特征,利用主成分分析法,综合社会经济统计数据,定量分析怀柔水库流域土地利用变化的驱动力。分析表明:流域内阔叶林、针叶林、混交林的面积所占比例呈上升趋势,灌木林面积下降趋势明显,农田面积总体变化不大;土地利用变化和经济发展程度密切相关,与人口因素关联度不高。     

不同灌水策略对夏玉米水分利用效率和产量构成要素的影响

于2013—2014年在河南商丘开展了5个灌水处理(T1:苗期水45 mm+拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm+成熟期水45mm,T2:苗期水45 mm+拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm,T3:拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm,T4:拔节水60 mm,T5:灌浆水60 mm)的田间试验,研究了不同灌水处理对夏玉米阶段耗水量、总耗水量、产量、水分利用效率、收获穗数、穗粒数、百粒质量、行粒数的影响。结果表明,夏玉米不同生长阶段灌水处理的耗水量均显著大于不灌水处理(P0.05),且随着整个生育期灌水次数和灌水量的增加,总耗水量显著提高。2013年和2014年,灌拔节水和灌浆水处理(T3)的总耗水量显著低于T1处理(P0.05),产量分别下降8.0%和8.9%,水分利用效率则分别提高5.3%和0.5%。灌水显著影响了夏玉米的收获穗数、穗粒数和百粒质量。2 a的苗期灌水处理(T1和T2)显著提高了夏玉米的收获穗数(P0.05),拔节期和灌浆期灌水处理(T3)的穗粒数和百粒质量均显著大于只灌拔节水(T4)和只灌灌浆水(T5)的处理(P0.05),但收获穗数差异不显著。在节水灌溉的条件下,黄淮海平原夏玉米主产区要实现较高的产量和水分利用效率,灌拔节水和灌浆水是最基本的灌水策略。     

施用生物质炭对旱地红壤有机碳矿化及碳库的影响

为探究生物质炭施入旱地红壤后对该地区土壤有机碳矿化以及有机碳库的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置7种生物质炭施用量处理,分别为0(C0),2.5(C1),5(C2),10(C3),20(C4),30(C5),40t/hm2(C6),以三库一级动力学理论为基础,对这7种处理的土样进行了室内呼吸培养试验。结果表明:(1)与C0相比,C4、C5和C6处理的土壤有机碳含量呈上升趋势,C5处理土壤有机碳含量上升幅度最大为14.66%;C2、C3、C4、C5和C6处理土壤活性碳均显著增加,C6处理增幅最大为25.00%;土壤惰性碳在C3、C4、C5和C6处理中显著增加,增幅分别为18.92%,40.09%,53.60%和49.55%;除C5处理外,其他生物质炭施用量下土壤缓性碳相对于C0处理,分别降低了1.96%,6.54%,8.82%,9.31%和12.91%。(2)与C0处理相比,施加生物质炭后土壤有机碳累积矿化量均显著降低,C6处理降低幅度达25.93%。随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤有机碳累积矿化量逐渐降低。(3)土壤有机碳、活性碳和惰性碳与生物质炭施用量存在极显著(p0.01)的正相关,土壤缓性碳与其存在显著(p0.05)的负相关。研究结果可为提升典型旱地红壤肥力,减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

Management of nematodes and a stalk borer by increasing within-field sugarcane cultivar diversity

The aim of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant diversity could modify the structure of the nematode community in favour of less pathogenic species and whether it affected the lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina . Four sugarcane cultivars were planted either singly or as a mixture in the furrow. Nematodes were enumerated when the crops were 6 months old for five successive 10 to 13 month old crop cycles. Results showed that the mixture of cultivars had little significant impact on the overall abundance of the plant-parasitic or free-living nematodes. However, the nematode community structure within the mixture was slightly different to that observed on any single cultivar planted on its own and there was a higher than expected proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera during the first three crops. With successive crops and in all treatments, there was an overall trend of increasing proportions of Meloidogyne javanica in the nematode community. However, the way that the change in the species-balance occurred in the mixed cultivar plots suggested a resistance to the evolving dominance of M. javanica . These results showed that sugarcane cultivars interacted within the rhizosphere when planted in a mixture because the observed nematode community in the mixture differed from that expected. The level of damage caused by E. saccharina was slightly lower in the mixture than expected from the actual cultivar composition.     

Behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci on cotton

The study on behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference in Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton was conducted, at Entomological Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab, India, during 2001 crop season and repeated in the same season. Multiple-choice test was followed for conducting the experiment. Quinalphos (250, 375, and 500), carbaryl (625, 938, and 1250), acephate (750, 1125, and 1500), endosulfan (438, 656, and 875), and fenvalerate (25, 38, and 50 g ai/ha) were repeatedly sprayed on potted plants of American cotton (var. LH-1556). The impact of these insecticides was evaluated in term of oviposition preference by B. tabaci to treated plants. Also, it investigated changes in biochemical components of treated cotton leaves and the correlation with oviposition preference. The results revealed that, fenvalerate treated plants were more preferred by whitefly for oviposition. Maximum number of eggs was observed on fenvalerate treated plants, 38, 50, and 25 g/ha (39.3, 37.3, and 36.1 eggs/leaf, respectively) followed by acephate 1500 g/ha (26.9 eggs/ leaf) compared with untreated control (14.1 eggs/leaf). Almost similar trend of results was observed in the repeated experiment. The results obtained from biochemical studies revealed that all the insecticidal treatments caused reduction in total sugars compared with untreated control except fenvalerate and low dose of quinalphos. All insecticides caused increase in total free amino acids and brought significant changes in total phenols and pH value of treated plants. These results have confirmed the behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference that induced by fenvalerate and acephate in B. tabaci, which may be one of the causes behind its resurgence on plants repeatedly treated with these insecticides.     

红果米仔兰杀虫活性成分及毒力的初步研究

为探索楝科植物红果米仔兰的杀虫活性,本以生物活性跟踪法对该种植物的叶的活性成分进行了初步研究,并测定了活性物质对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力。叶的甲醇抽提物活性高于氯仿抽提物和石油醚抽提物。甲醇抽提物经氯仿萃取,所得萃取物通过柱层析,分离得到的４号流份Ｆ４有最高活性。Ｆ４对斜纹夜蛾４龄幼虫的拒食中浓度（ＡＦＣ５０）为０．１２％,致死中浓度（ＬＣ５０）为０．１３％,抑制生长发育中浓度（ＥＣ５０）为０．２１％。     

鲤鱼肠道中4种细菌的分离与生化鉴定

为研究健康鲤鱼肠道菌群组成情况,为其饲料添加剂和水质改良剂的开发利用提供基础资料,试验对鲤鱼肠道中的细菌进行分离培养,通过形态特征观察、生化试验进行鉴定.结果:在鲤鱼肠道中分离出4种细菌,分别为:金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、沙门氏菌(salmonella)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作小麦田土壤团聚体氮组分的影响

利用田间定位试验研究旱作农田不同覆盖措施对土壤团聚体氮组分的影响。基于黄土高原8年冬小麦覆盖定位试验,试验设置生育期秸秆覆盖(SM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3个处理。采用干筛法测定团聚体分布特征及不同粒径团聚体中全氮(STN)、微生物量氮(MBN)和潜在可矿化氮(PNM)含量。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,2种覆盖处理均未在各粒径团聚体全氮含量有显著变化,但SM处理相较于PM处理提高了0—10 cm土层的1.00～0.25 mm粒径团聚体STN含量(12.88%,P0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比,SM处理在0—10 cm土层中2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量分别提高18.67%,24.05%,20.08%(P0.05),且各粒径团聚体PNM含量分别提高35.13%,30.03%,42.88%(P0.05);SM处理在10—20 cm土层中2.00 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量提高23.02%(P0.05),分别提高2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量28.59%,31.31%,32.48%(P0.05)。(3)PM处理较CK处理提高0—10 cm土层中0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量(32.34%,P0.05)。(4)微团聚体(0.25 mm)氮组分含量均高于大团聚(0.25 mm)氮组分含量,但大团聚体氮组分贡献率为81.88%～87.66%。可见,SM处理可提高土壤表层大团聚体氮组分的贡献率,使更多的氮素储存在大团聚体中,而PM处理对团聚体氮素贡献率的影响作用较小。总体而言,与CK和PM处理相比,SM处理可提高总土壤氮组分含量,提高微团聚体和大团聚体氮组分含量,使更多的氮储存在大团聚体中,促进土壤氮素周转。     

香菇的药用价值及其产品开发前景

近年来,香菇因不仅能满足于人们的营养需求,同时还具有保健及药用价值,而越来越受到人们的青睐。从香菇的有效成分、药理作用和产品开发3个方面进行阐述,以期为指导香菇食用、产品开发和产业发展提供参考依据。