南海大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的群体遗传结构

测定了南海西沙和南沙群岛附近海区(11～12°N,15°N;110～112°E)黄鳍金枪鱼61尾(17尾成鱼、44尾幼鱼)和大眼金枪鱼26尾(22尾成鱼、4尾幼鱼)的线粒体基因组控制区部分序列(D-loop),结合GenBank数据库中印度洋、太平洋和大西洋群体的同源数据,分析结果:(1)黄鳍金枪鱼与大眼金枪鱼均具极高的单倍型多样性(Hd>99%),聚类树及群体间分化指数(FST和Snn)表明大眼金枪鱼群体分化程度明显高于黄鳍金枪鱼群体;(2)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的南海群体与印度洋群体之间基因流最强(Nm=51.638和261.280 10),其次为太平洋群体(Nm=10.868 8和-50.801 81);(3)黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼都基本服从群口扩张模型,而mismatch分布分别呈单、双峰,其中大眼金枪鱼的南海群体扩张较晚(Tau=7.902)且最为明显(θ1/θ0=99 999/14.752)。     

Promotion of initial swimbladder inflation in Pacific bluefin tuna,Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), larvae

Initial swimbladder inflation (ISI) of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT), Thunnus orientalis, larvae was studied to increase the survival of cultured larvae. Experiment 1 was conducted to explore promotion and inhibition of ISI under different water surface conditions; including the use of surface skimmer to remove autogenous surface substances (SS), covering the water surface with liquid‐paraffin‐layer (LP) and oil film (OF), and a control (non‐treatment, NT). Significantly higher inflation frequency was observed in SS (62.2%) than NT (11.9%), LP (2.7%) and OF (3.9%). This indicates that ISI in PBT larvae can be promoted by removal of surface substances on rearing water which inhibit larval air gulping. Experiment 2 aimed to elucidate proper day of larval age to start skimming for promoting ISI with four different periods of oil film removal: from 3 to 8 (SF3D), 4 to 8 (SF4D), 5 to 8 (SF5D), 6 to 8 (SF6D) days‐post‐hatch (dph). Significant improvement in ISI frequency was observed in SF3D (80.2%) but the frequency was very poor in SF4D, SF5D, and SF6D (17.8–7.5%). This implies the need of oil film removal without missing a narrow window, 1 day of 3 dph, to promote ISI in practical PBT larviculture.     

印度洋中国大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业CPUE标准化

使用广义线性模型(GLM)和广义可加模型(GAM)对印度洋中国大眼金枪鱼渔业的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行标准化。在CPUE标准化模型中,考虑了空间(经度与纬度)、时间(年与月)和环境(包括各深度温度、各深度盐度和海平面高度)等变量。结果表明,标准化CPUE和名义CPUE在时空分布上呈相似的趋势。年CPUE随时间呈现下降的趋势,高CPUE经常出现在42°E～60°E、85°E～90°E、15°S～5°S和10°N～15°N的区域内。GLM和GAM分析都显示出经度是影响CPUE最重要的变量,可分别解释17.3%和23.81%的变异;纬度、经度和纬度的交互效应、年份、381 m水层温度、317 m水层温度对CPUE的影响也是明显的。此研究中GLM模型比GAM模型更合适。     

Tracking bluefin tuna reproductive migration into the Mediterranean Sea with electronic pop‐up satellite archival tags using two tagging procedures

Thirteen adult bluefin tuna were tracked with electronic pop‐up satellite tags during their reproductive migration towards Mediterranean spawning grounds as they entered the Strait of Gibraltar. Fish were caught in tuna traps and tagged either underwater, with the aid of a modified spear gun, or on the deck of the boat. Fish tagged on board initially showed a shallower behavior than those tagged in the water. The pattern of horizontal movements was also different between both groups. Shortly after tagging, the eight fish tagged in the water entered the Mediterranean Sea. Six of these fish reached the spawning ground located southwest of the Balearic archipelago before heading back for the Atlantic, whereas the other two traveled farther east, reaching its easternmost longitudes between Formentera and Sardinia and the South Tyrrhenian Sea, respectively. In contrast, two out of the five fish tagged on board never entered the Mediterranean Sea, and another one did enter the Mediterranean when the reproductive season was already over. These results suggest an impact of the tagging procedure on the post‐release behavior of bluefin tuna. Excluding the tags that popped‐off east of the Strait of Gibraltar, bluefin tuna stayed in the Mediterranean Sea for 22–28 days. Analysis of the median depth indicated a shallow behavior during both day and nighttime throughout the return phase of the fish from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean with the exception of the area around the Strait of Gibraltar, where they showed a deeper behavior that coincided with a marked vertical gradient in the currents.     

Effect of water surface condition on survival,growth and swim bladder inflation of yellowfin tuna,Thunnus albacares (Temminck and Schlegel), larvae

Early‐stage mortality due to surface water tension‐related death and due to sinking to the tank bottom was investigated for yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (YFT), larvae. Different aeration rates and rearing water surface conditions were examined to evaluate the effect on larval survival, swim bladder inflation and growth. The percentage survival of yolk sac larvae was significantly higher when the rearing water surface was covered with fish oil at aeration rates of 0 and 50 mL min^?1. The highest mortality occurred at the highest aeration rate of 250 mL min^?1 regardless of surface water condition. A second experiment was conducted twice under different water surface conditions: the water surface was covered by fish oil (FO), skimmed of fish oil (SS), and was not treated (NC). The percentage survival was not significantly different between treatments after 7 days of feeding. In contrast to the survival, the proportion of larvae with inflated swim bladders was significantly higher for the NC and SS groups than that of the FO group. Results of these experiments indicate that the addition of oil to the rearing water surface without its removal interferes with the initial swim bladder inflation in YFT larvae. These results also indicate that YFT larvae need to obtain (gulp) air at the water surface for initial swim bladder inflation, and success of initial swim bladder inflation may be crucial for their survival.     

A scientific alternative to moratoria for rebuilding depleted international tuna stocks

There is considerable international concern and scientific debate about the current state and future of tuna stocks worldwide and the capacity of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations to manage the associated fisheries effectively. In some cases, this concern has extended to predictions of imminent collapse with minimal chances of recovery, even under a commercial catch moratorium. As a viable alternative to a full fishery closure, the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) has adopted a scientifically tested, adaptive rebuilding strategy for the depleted southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) stock. The management procedure (MP) adopted involves a harvest control rule that fully specifies the total allowable catch as a function of key indicators of stock status, adjusting future harvest levels every three years so as to meet the rebuilding targets agreed by CCSBT. It was chosen from a subset of candidate MPs selected following extensive simulation testing. This involved first selecting a wide range of plausible scenarios for stock status and input data, ranging from pessimistic to optimistic, against which the alternative candidate MPs were tested to ensure that they were robust to important uncertainties. This is the first time that a comprehensively evaluated MP has been adopted for an internationally managed tuna stock. Both the process and the outcomes have broad applicability to other internationally managed stocks.     

Optimal periods of night‐time lighting in the sea cage culture of Pacific bluefin tuna,Thunnus orientalis,juvenile (Temminck and Schlegel)

We have previously reported that night‐time lighting prevents the mass death of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) juvenile due to collision and/or contact with the walls of sea cages, immediately after transfer to the cages, and that night‐time lighting does not negatively impact fish stress levels. However, the period of night‐time lighting should be limited to minimize negative impacts on the surrounding environment and aid management. Therefore, we investigated the optimal period of night‐time lighting by evaluating the whole‐body cortisol and glucose levels as stress parameters, growth performance and survival of PBT juvenile in four cages with different periods of night‐time lighting (i.e. unlit, 4‐day, 8‐day and 12‐day lighting). The results showed that almost all fish were died 1 day after transfer to the unlit cage. In comparison, the other groups (4‐day, 8‐day and 12‐day lighting) had high survival rates (92.5–96.0%) without significant difference. However, in the 4‐day‐lighting group, an obvious stress response was recorded on day 5, and growth performance was significantly lower. In the 8‐day‐lighting group, whole‐body cortisol levels were slightly elevated on day 9; however, significantly elevation was not recorded on day 12. These results indicate that the recommended lighting period of night‐time lighting in sea cages is 8–12 days.     

Environmental modeling of occurrence of dolphinfish (Coryphaena spp.) in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico reveals seasonality in abundance,hot spots and migration patterns

Dolphinfish are little known migratory fish targeted by sport, artisanal and commercial fleets. In this study, we analyzed a 10 year database of incidental catches of the tuna purse seine fleet in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico with the aim to understand the environmental determinants of the spatial distribution and seasonal migration patterns of dolphinfish. We modeled the probability of occurrence of dolphinfish as a function of spatial (geographical coordinates), temporal (month/year) and environmental variables (sea surface temperature [SST], chlorophyll [CHL] and sea surface height [SSH], inferred from satellites) using logistic Generalized Additive Models. Dolphinfish preferred waters with SST values from 23 to 28°C, low (<0.2 mg/m³) CHL values, and primarily positive SSH values. Two dolphinfish hot spots were found in the study area: one in an oceanic zone (10°–15°N, 120°–125°W), which was more defined during spring, and one on the Pacific side of the Baja California Peninsula, which became important during summer. Models suggested that dolphinfish migrated through the study area following a “corridor” that ran from the Gulf of Tehuantepec along the Equatorial Upwelling zone to the oceanic hot spot zone, which in turn connected with the hot spot off the BCP. This “migratory corridor” went around the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool, which suggested that dolphinfish avoided this high temperature‐low production zone. Dolphinfish occupied zones close to certain oceanic features, such as eddies and thermal fronts. Results suggested that the primary cause of the biological hot spots was wind‐driven upwelling, because the hot spots became more important 3–4 months after the peak in upwelling activity.     

Influence of Amino Acid Compositions and Peptide Profiles on Antioxidant Capacities of Two Protein Hydrolysates from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Dark Muscle

Influence of amino acid compositions and peptide profiles on antioxidant capacities of two protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dark muscle was investigated. Dark muscles from skipjack tuna were hydrolyzed using five separate proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, Neutrase, papain and Alcalase. Two hydrolysates, ATH and NTH, prepared using Alcalase and Neutrase, respectively, showed the strongest antioxidant capacities and were further fractionated using ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Two fractions, Fr.A3 and Fr.B2, isolated from ATH and NTH, respectively, showed strong radical scavenging activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (EC₅₀ 1.08% ± 0.08% and 0.98% ± 0.07%), hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ 0.22% ± 0.03% and 0.48% ± 0.05%), and superoxide anion radicals (EC₅₀ 1.31% ± 0.11% and 1.56% ± 1.03%) and effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. Eighteen peptides from Fr.A3 and 13 peptides from Fr.B2 were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. The elevated antioxidant activity of Fr.A3 might be due to its high content of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues (181.1 and 469.9 residues/1000 residues, respectively), small molecular sizes (3–6 peptides), low molecular weights (524.78 kDa), and amino acid sequences (antioxidant score 6.11). This study confirmed that a smaller molecular size, the presence of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues, and the amino acid sequences were the key factors that determined the antioxidant activities of the proteins, hydrolysates and peptides. The results also demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates and fractions from skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) dark muscles could prevent oxidative reactions and might be useful for food preservation and medicinal purposes.