盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度效应试验研究

以大柴旦盐湖区及其周边地区作为试验区,选取海韭菜、芦苇2种优势盐生植物作为供试种,通过对2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样和素土试样进行剪切试验,探讨了盐生植物根系对土体抗剪强度增强作用以及土体抗剪强度的影响因素。结果表明:2种植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值为13.48~21.87kPa,不含根系素土试样粘聚力值为8.45kPa,与不含根系素土相比,根—土复合体的粘聚力值增长量为5.03~13.42kPa,其增长幅度为59.53%~158.82%;海韭菜根—土复合体试样粘聚力值大于芦苇,2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值与2种盐生植物在一定范围内的根系含量之间呈正相关关系,同时一定程度上表明了试验区2种植物根系增强土体强剪强度的机制表现为,在一定范围内根—土复合体中根系密度和数量愈高则其对土体抗剪强度增强程度相对愈显著,且海韭菜对土体粘聚力的增强作用显著大于芦苇。该研究成果对研究区以及与该区地质条件相类似的其他地区利用盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度,以实现有效地防治地表水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

Modeling the water budget in a deep caldera lake and its hydrologic assessment: Lake Ikeda, Japan

The hydrologic assessment of a lake water budget can be helpful in achieving proper water management and sustainable water use. A model to analyze a lake water budget was developed and verified for Lake Ikeda, Japan. Lake evaporation was estimated by numerical analyses of lake water temperature and the lake energy budget. Inflow from the lake catchment area and leakage from the lake bottom were estimated based on the tank model and Darcy's law, and the model parameters were optimized by the shuffled complex evolution method. The estimated monthly lake evaporation rate is consistent with the evaporation rate estimated by the energy budget Bowen ratio method based on in situ data from 2004 to 2005. Moreover, the calculated time series of daily lake levels agrees well with those of measured lake levels during 1983 to 1999. Thus, the model is useful for evaluating the lake water budget. Numerical analysis reveals seasonal and annual variation characteristics in the water budget components. Precipitation, inflow from the catchment area, and river water supply are generally high during the rainy season from June to July with substantial annual variation. Lake evaporation is greatest in October and least in April, but the annual variation is relatively small. Agricultural water use is relatively high from April to September. There are no marked seasonal changes in leakage and drinking water use. The lake level is generally highest in September and lowest in March, which is characterized by seasonal changes in water budget components. The model was also applied to 17-year simulations under hypothetical hydrologic conditions to examine the effect of water use and agricultural water management on the lake level. Results indicate that river water supply, provided under the agricultural water management system, effectively compensates for the decrease in lake water resulting from agricultural water use.     

柴窝堡湖高白鲑生长与移殖效应分析

2004年6月-2007年5月,采集柴窝堡湖高白鲑标本79尾,对其年龄与生长状况及高白鲑在柴窝堡湖移殖效应进行了分析。研究表明：柴窝堡湖高白鲑1龄平均逆算体长L1=11.7cm、2龄平均逆算体长L2=26.1cm;体长与体重的回归方程为W=0．013474L^309069;高白鲑在柴窝堡湖生长正常,能够形成捕捞群体,但由于柴窝堡湖现有的渔业捕捞方式,影响了高白鲑在柴窝堡湖渔业移殖效应。     

基于改进萤火虫算法的投影寻踪太湖水质综合评价

针对水质评价中指标的多样性及不相容性,提出了基于改进的萤火虫算法的投影寻踪水质评价方法。该方法根据水质标准等级样本集所划分的标准,构建投影指标函数,并用改进的萤火虫算法进行优化,使搜索步长逐步减小,寻优后期也可具有良好的局部搜索能力,得到最佳投影方向,使综合评价结果能够客观准确地反映出水质状况。运用该方法对太湖的水质数据进行综合评价,并与传统方法综合评分法(F值法)得到的结果进行对比,评价结果更符合当地水质状况实际情况,且对水质等级划分更为清晰。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区农田植被碳储量与碳密度分析

采用参数估算法对2001~2013年鄱阳湖生态经济区农田生态系统的植被碳储量与碳密度进行测算。结果显示：该区农田植被碳储量与碳密度均呈现上升趋势;农田碳储量与碳密度的变化受农作物种植结构、产量及总播种面积的影响。由此可见,植被碳储量的变化对生态系统的固碳能力具有重要的影响,农田植被碳储量与碳密度在一定程度上的提高,具有碳汇作用。研究农田生态系统碳储量、碳密度对控制温室效应具有重要的参考意义。     

洞庭湖泥沙沉积与土壤侵蚀

洞庭湖是一个吞吐型的过水湖泊,其泥沙沉积量大,1951～1983年累计沉积泥沙约48.07亿t,年平均沉积1.5亿t。泥沙沉积于汛期,多为长江冲积物。严重的泥沙淤积,反映出长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀十分强烈。泥沙沉积灾害发生在湖区,突出表现为洪涝、土壤潜育化和血吸虫感染。侵蚀灾害发生在山丘区,它导致土壤退化和滑坡、泥石流灾害加剧。加强长江上游水土流失重点防治和中上游防护林工程体系建设,提高人均产值,消除或减轻人口增长对生态环境造成的压力,可从根本上控制土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积灾害。     

Response of alluvial fan systems to the late Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition: contrasts between the margins of pluvial Lakes Lahontan and Mojave, Nevada and California, USA

Dated shorelines of late Pleistocene pluvial Lakes Lahontan (Great Basin Desert, northwest Nevada) and Mojave (Mojave Desert, eastern California) provide timelines for the assessment of alluvial fan sedimentation at the lake margins during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Two sets of alluvial fan systems have been mapped: the Stillwater fans, feeding Lake Lahontan; and the Zzyzx fans, feeding Lake Mojave. Their contrasting morphologies suggest different responses of the two fan systems to late Pleistocene to early Holocene climatic change. At the time the Stillwater fan systems underwent minimal sedimentation, with the catchment hillslopes apparently stable. The Zzyzx fans experienced major changes in water and sediment supply from the catchment hillslopes. There was a major phase of hillslope debris-flow activity, followed by fanhead trenching and distal fan progradation. Both areas were wetter and colder in the late Pleistocene than they are today, but during the transition to the Holocene the Zzyzx area was more likely to experience intense rains associated with the monsoonal penetration of warm moist tropical air into the Southwest. Vegetation reconstructions for the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene suggest that catchment hillslopes in the Mojave supported a desert shrub vegetation, but those in the Stillwaters supported juniper woodland and grasses at low elevations and pine at higher elevations. Contrasts in hillslope vegetation cover together with storm activity may account for the different responses of the alluvial fans to climatic change during the Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition. After the falls in lake levels of Lakes Lahontan and Mojave in the early Holocene, both areas underwent aridification, resulting in reductions in hillslope vegetation cover. Increased storm runoff led to fanhead trenching and distal progradation of the alluvial fans. Variations in fan style at that time may relate primarily to base-level conditions resulting from different gradients on the exposed lake shores.     

基于地统计学和GIS的太湖典型地区土壤属性制图研究——以土壤全氮制图为例

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下，运用地统计学方法对太湖典型地区耕层土壤全氮含量的空间变异特征进行分析，探讨了适用于研究区域土壤全氮制图的最佳邻域，并在此基础上利用块段克立格(Block Kriging)法绘制了土壤全氮含量空间分布图。结果表明，土壤全氮的空间变异性在40km步长变化域上表现为明显的各向同性，超出这个范围，土壤全氮空间变异的各向异性明显增强，以40km步长变化域上土壤全氮的空间结构特征作为Kriging插值依据有助于提高制图精度。制图结果表明，研究区域土壤全氮含量在江阴和宜兴两市境内普遍较高，锡山和武进两市相对较低；且高值斑块区主要分布在地势低洼的圩田区，这是人为施肥和土壤特性共同影响的结果。Kriging估值标准差分布图可为评价和提高制图精度提供十分有用信息。     

Historical Trace Metal Accumulation in the Sediments of an Urbanized Region of the Lake Champlain Watershed, Burlington, Vermont

This study documents the history ofpollution inputs in the Burlington region of LakeChamplain, Vermont using measurements of anthropogenicmetals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag) in four age-datedsediment cores. Sediments record a history ofcontamination in a region and can be used to assessthe changing threat to biota over time and to evaluatethe effectiveness of discharge regulations onanthropogenic inputs.Grain size, magnetic susceptibility, radiometricdating and pollen stratigraphy were combined withtrace metal data to provide an assessment of thehistory of contamination over the last 350 yr inthe Burlington region of Lake Champlain. Magneticsusceptibility was initially used to identify land-usehistory for each site because it is a proxy indicatorof soil erosion. Historical trends in metal inputs inthe Burlington region from the seventeenth through thetwentieth centuries are reflected in downcorevariations in metal concentrations and accumulationrates. Metal concentrations increase above backgroundvalues in the early to mid nineteenth century. Themetal input rate to the sediments increases around1920 and maximum concentrations and accumulation ratesare observed in the late 1960s. Decreases inconcentration and accumulation rate between 1970 andthe present are observed for most metals. Theobserved trends are primarily a function of variationsin anthropogenic inputs and not variations in sedimentgrain size. Grain size data were used to removetexture variations from the metal profiles and resultsshow trends in the anthropogenic metal signals remain. Radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy providewell-constrained dates for the sediments therebyallowing the metal profiles to be interpreted in termsof land-use history.     

鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性及其保护对策

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,湖区湿地面积2698km2,是我国湿地生态系统中生物资源最丰富的地区之一。长期以来由于人类不合理的开发利用,导致了鄱阳湖湿地面积和景观结构发生了很大变化,湿地生态功能也遭到严重破坏,生物多样性不断减少。分析了鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性现状、及其面临的威胁,并提出了鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性保护及其可持续利用的主要对策。