Microscopic observations of bacterial sorption in soil cores

 Bacterial cells may be immobilized in soil through adsorption to a variety of soil particles. These associations affect the interaction of native soil microbes with their nutrient sources and control at least in part the distribution of foreign bacteria entering the soil system. To observe the relationship between soil structure and adsorption of amended bacterial cells, a series of intact cores of Freehold fine sandy loam were inoculated with suspensions of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes cells at concentrations ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ cells per ml. The cells were cultivated in a glucose-based medium to induce spherical cell formation. Following inoculation, the soil cores were rinsed with sterile water (30–40 ml h^–1), flushed with thiazine red R to stain the bacterial cells, and then prepared for examination by common micromorphological techniques. The use of fluorescence, polarizing, and reflected light microscopy of soil thin sections, allowed direct, qualitative determinations of microbial distribution and associations with soil components. A. crystallopoietes cells were detected throughout the length of the soil columns. Soil pores did not appear to be clogged by the spherical A. crystallopoietes cells. Adsorption of amended bacteria was governed by the presence of both variably charged mineral oxides and organic matter within the intergrain microaggregates and occurred along coated mineral surfaces. Amendment of non-inoculated soil columns with 0.2% (w/v) solution of glucose demonstrated that the staining and sectioning procedure was sufficiently sensitive to detect growth of indigenous bacterial populations and their distributions within the soil matrix. Received; 6 April 1997     

长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应

Responses of soil microbial activities to elevated CO₂ in experiment sites ofPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis seedlings were studied in summer in 2003. The results indicated the number of bacteria decreased significantly (p<0.05) under elevated CO₂ forPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis. Amylase and invertase activities in soil increased forPinus sylvestriformis and decreased forPinus koraiensis with CO₂ enrichment compared with those at ambient (350 μmol·mol⁻¹). The size of microbial biomass C also decreased significantly at 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂. Bacterial community structure had some evident changes under elevated CO₂ by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA gene fragments amplified by PCR from DNA extracted directly from soil. The results suggested that responses of soil microorganisms to elevated CO₂ would be related to plant species exposed to elevated CO₂. Foundation item: The study was supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (2002CB412502) and the Knowledge Innovation Project from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX1-SW-01-03). Biography: JIA Xia (1975), female, Ph. D. candidate of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

光合细菌对团头鲂细菌性败血症的防治

研究了光合细菌(PSB)对团头鲂细菌性败血症的防治效果。试验1设预防组、治疗组1、治疗组2,对照组和空白组,用注射病原菌法感染试验鱼;试验2设PSB处理组和对照组,用浸泡病原菌法感染试验鱼。结果显示:在试验1中,对照组死亡率90%~100%,PSB处理的各试验组为70%~90%;试验2中PSB浸泡组的平均死亡率20%,对照组85%。     

凡纳滨对虾养殖体系中群体感应淬灭菌的筛选、安全性评估及发酵条件优化

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamai)养殖体系中筛选得到具有群体感应淬灭(Quorum quenching, QQ)活性的潜在功能菌,并对菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定、安全性评估及发酵条件优化。采用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) A136液体X-gal法进行活性菌株筛选,发现2株细菌(BDZ5和W1B)的发酵液对信号分子己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)具有显著的降解作用,但经沸水浴处理后均丧失降解活性。经16S rDNA基因序列分析,菌株BDZ5和W1B分别被鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和科贝特氏菌属(Cobetia)。安全性评估结果显示,菌株BDZ5和W1B均无溶血性,且对多数抗生素具有敏感性,注射2株活性菌未提高凡纳滨对虾死亡率,且对凡纳滨对虾血清免疫酶活性无显著影响。单因素条件优化结果显示,在起始pH为7.0、盐度为20、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h后,菌株BDZ5达到最大生长量;在起始pH为6.0、盐度为40、0.05%的CaCl2条件下培养48 h,菌株W1B达到最大生长量。2株菌的最适信号分子C6-HSL降解条件与其生长条件有所不同,在起始pH为7.5、盐度为30、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h,2株活性菌对信号分子C6-HSL的降解率达到最大值。研究表明,菌株BDZ5和W1B可作为益生菌应用于水产养殖,为基于QQ角度防治对虾细菌性病害提供优良菌种。     

杂交稻对白叶枯病菌主基因抗性的配合力分析

以８种不同胞质类型的不育系及其保持系与９个恢复系配制的７２个不育系杂种及保持系杂种为材料,研究了杂交稻对白叶枯病菌主基因抗性的配合力。结果表明,杂交稻的抗性以主基因抗性为主,但同时也受双亲中与抗性有关的其他加性、显性及上位性基因效应的影响。说明杂交稻的抗性强弱取决于双亲抗性基因互补和累加程度高低。     

豫北地区主要淡水鱼类感染嗜水气单胞菌的流行病学调查

对豫北地区嗜水气单胞菌引起的细菌性败血病进行流行病学调查,分离鉴定致病性嗜水气单胞菌菌株,并对致病性嗜水气单胞菌菌株进行毒力验证和药敏试验。采集4个养殖场病鱼标本及水样,每月进行流行病学调查,利用生理生化及分子生物学方法检测嗜水气单胞菌的分布状况。结果显示,筛选出52株为嗜水气单胞菌,其中32株为致病性嗜水气单胞菌,20株为非致病性嗜水气单胞菌,且致病性嗜水气单胞菌主要分布在7—9月份,毒力验证试验表明,32株致病性菌株的毒力大小差异明显,筛选出强毒株XDMG(4),为后期试验的疫苗株做准备;药敏试验表明,不同菌株对同一种药物的药敏结果不同,但大部分药物的药敏结果基本一致,70%以上的致病性菌株对头孢哌酮、氟本尼考、菌必治、阿米卡星等抗菌药物表现为高度敏感,对青霉素类药物表现为高度耐药性,耐药率达100%,对氨基糖苷类(不包括阿米卡星)、磺胺类、四环素等药物呈现不同程度的耐药性,具有多重耐药性。本试验旨在丰富本地区的鱼类细菌性败血病的病原资料,并为该菌引起的人类疾病的防控提供科学依据。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响

为探讨布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦（Avena sativa L.）青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响,本试验以开花期、乳熟期和蜡熟期燕麦为原料,设置对照、添加甲酸和添加布氏乳杆菌3个处理,青贮90 d后,测定其营养成分、发酵指标和细菌群落组成。结果表明：布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理均改变不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料中细菌群落组成（P<0.05）,并提高其乳酸细菌相对丰富度;与对照相比,用布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理不同物候期的燕麦青贮后,蜡熟期的燕麦pH值降低（P<0.05）,乙酸均增加9.7%,丙酸分别降低11.6%和8.6%,氨态氮分别降低11.3%和19.2%。综合细菌群落组成、发酵品质和营养成分来看,蜡熟期的燕麦添加布氏乳杆菌和甲酸后,其青贮品质较佳。     

烟草根系在青枯病菌侵染早期的蛋白组分析

烟草青枯病是一种由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的毁灭性土传病害.为研究烟草根系在青枯菌侵染早期的抗性机理,本研究以抗青枯病品种D101为材料,对接种青枯菌3 h后的烟苗根系进行了蛋白组学分析.结果显示,与未接种的对照比较,青枯菌侵染早期的烟草根系中存在相当比例的差异表达蛋白,但蛋白表...