退化生态系统植被恢复过程中土壤微生物群落活性响应

通过分析退化生态系统中主要植被恢复类型对土壤微生物群落活性的影响,探讨敏感和可靠的微生物群落活性响应指标,揭示适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林地土壤微生物量C,N,P和微生物商、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。在土壤各层内,除上层人工乔木林地土壤微生物量N相对较高外,柠条恢复草地土壤微生物量C,N,P都相对较高,沙米荒地均较低;土壤微生物商没有明显的趋势;人工乔木林地蔗糖酶和柠条恢复草地脲酶活性相对较高,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显的变化趋势,沙米荒地的蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及白沙蒿草地碱性磷酸酶活性较低。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶与土壤有机质、全氮以及微生物量C,N,P之间呈显著相关关系;主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤微生物量N,C,P和蔗糖酶、土壤微生物商基本反映了研究区植被恢复中土壤微生物群落活性的响应信息。不同植被恢复类型草地中土壤微生物群落活性的变化表明,柠条和人工乔木林是研究区域内适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。     

Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties

The response of soil microbial communities following changes in land-use is governed by multiple factors. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether soil microbial communities track the changes in aboveground vegetation during succession; and (ii) whether microbial communities return to their native state over time. Two successional gradients with different vegetation were studied at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan. The first gradient comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CT), mid-succession forest (SF) abandoned from cultivation prior to 1951, and native deciduous forest (DF). The second gradient comprised the CT cropland, early-succession grassland (ES) restored in 1989, and long-term mowed grassland (MG). With succession, the total microbial PLFAs and soil microbial biomass C consistently increased in both gradients. While bacterial rRNA gene diversity remained unchanged, the abundance and composition of many bacterial phyla changed significantly. Moreover, microbial communities in the relatively pristine DF and MG soils were very similar despite major differences in soil properties and vegetation. After >50 years of succession, and despite different vegetation, microbial communities in SF were more similar to those in mature DF than in CT. In contrast, even after 17 years of succession, microbial communities in ES were more similar to CT than endpoint MG despite very different vegetation between CT and ES. This result suggested a lasting impact of cultivation history on the soil microbial community. With conversion of deciduous to conifer forest (CF), there was a significant change in multiple soil properties that correlated with changes in microbial biomass, rRNA gene diversity and community composition. In conclusion, history of land-use was a stronger determinant of the composition of microbial communities than vegetation and soil properties. Further, microbial communities in disturbed soils apparently return to their native state with time.     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

探索城市新区社区建设的新模式—合肥经济技术开发区社区建设的回顾和思考

合肥经济技术开发区的社区建设在全国开发区解决“三农”问题方面具有重要的示范作用。作者分析了合肥经济技术开发区社区建设的背景及原因，回顾了合肥经济技术开发 区社区建设的进程及其取得的巨大成效，最后探讨了社区建设面临的一些问题和进一步健康发展所需要的制度创新。     

杨树细菌溃疡病防治指标的研究

在中国黑龙江省杨树细菌溃疡病严重发生地区,采用野外均匀分布典型整群抽样调查和树干解析方法,获得40块样地、90株解析木的病情调查材料。从而,确定了杨树细菌溃疡病各病情指数的材积损失率的相关数律,建立黑龙江省杨树细菌溃疡病对材积损失率的估测模型和防治指标的计算模型。     

清流县大丰山长苞铁杉群落结构研究

通过设置临时标准地对大丰山长苞铁杉群落的区系成份，群落外貌和结构特征进行了调查与研究．结果表明该群落有维管植物96种，隶属于37科和65属．生活型谱以高位芽植物占绝对优势，占80．2％．该群落结构分明，乔木层、灌木层和草本层层次清晰．乔木层以长苞铁杉、黄山松、甜槠等占优势，但其多样性指数低于灌木层．     

转Bt基因棉R93—4对昆虫群落的影响

以转Ｂｔ基因棉品系Ｒ９３－４为试材,以中棉所１２号为对照,研究了在小麦套种下对棉田昆虫群落的影响,结果表明,转基因棉昆虫群落的种类丰富度,总个体数,害虫的相对丰盛度均低于常规棉,优势种类有较大的变化,棉铃虫已不是转基因棉田的优势害虫,棉蚜,红蜘蛛,叶甲类,棉蓟马等成为优势害虫,优势捕食性天敌种类为龟纹瓢虫,寄生性天敌优势种变化比较大,转基因棉昆虫群落和害虫亚群落的多样性指数均高于常规棉,均匀度和优     

牛姆林区青钱柳群落的主要种群种间关联特征

通过一系列种间关联测定技术 (方差比率 ( VR)法检验多物种间总体相关性、χ2 检验各种对间的联结性、关联指数测度各种对间的关联程度 )对青钱柳群落的 1 2个主要乔木种群的 1 2个主要种群的种间关联分别进行检验与测度 ,结果表明 :青钱柳群落的 1 2个主要乔木种群间在总体上表现出无关联 ,各种对间的联结性不显著 ,关联程度也较低 ,各自趋于独立出现 ,这种“松散”状况可能与该群落处于过熟发展阶段有关     

福州国家森林公园人工群落结构与物种多样性

以福州国家森林公园主要人工群落为研究对象 ,分析了人工群落结构与物种多样性 .对不同地段的 3种人工群落类型样地材料分析表明 ,群落垂直结构较复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层 ,人工模拟生态系统森林群落有数量较多的层间植物 ;植物物种多样性指数较高     

放牧制度对短花针茅草原植物群落的影响

通过对划区轮牧与连续放牧两种制度对荒漠草原植物群落的影响的比较研究，从植物角度探讨在家庭牧场的生产实践中适合的放牧制度。结果表明：轮牧制度对草群影响较小，优良牧草在草群中的重量比与重要值高于连续放牧制；牧草现存量轮牧制下的草场高于连续放牧制，草地牧草生产力连续放牧下的高于划区轮牧，但多年生牧草生产力低于划区轮牧；暖季连续放牧下草群营养早期高于轮牧区，秋末则低于轮牧区，表现出较大的变化幅度。整体上划区轮牧下的草群状况接近于未放牧的围栏封育小区，相比之下连续放牧下的草群状况有较大偏离。