Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: A Potential Functional Food Source from Green-Tide-Forming Macroalgae

The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field. However, the comprehensive review of this topic is still rare and do not cover the recent advances of the structure, isolation, preparation, activity and applications of Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the recent advances of chemical composition, extraction, purification, structure, and activity of Ulva polysaccharides as well as oligosaccharides. In addition, the potential applications as new functional food and food additives have also been considered, and these will definitely expand the applications of Ulva oligosaccharides in the food and medical fields.     

In Vitro Anticancer and Cancer-Preventive Activity of New Triterpene Glycosides from the Far Eastern Starfish Solaster pacificus

Sea stars or starfish (class Asteroidea) and holothurians or sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea), belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms), are characterized by different sets of glycosidic metabolites: the steroid type in starfish and the triterpene type in holothurians. However, herein we report the isolation of eight new triterpene glycosides, pacificusosides D–K (1–3, 5–9) along with the known cucumarioside D (4), from the alcoholic extract of the Far Eastern starfish Solaster pacificus. The isolated new compounds are closely related to the metabolites of sea cucumbers, and their structures of 1–3 and 5–9 were determined by extensive NMR and ESIMS techniques. Compounds 2, 5, and 8 have a new type of tetrasaccharide chain with a terminal non-methylated monosaccharide unit. Compounds 3, 6, and 9 contain another new type of tetrasaccharide chain, having 6-O-SO₃-Glc as one of the sugar units. The cytotoxic activity of 1–9 against non-cancerous mouse epidermal cells JB6 Cl41 and human melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-28, and RPMI-7951 was determined by MTS assay. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9 showed potent cytotoxicity against these cell lines, but the cancer selectivity (SI > 9) was observed only against the SK-MEL-2 cell line. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9 at the non-toxic concentration of 0.1 μM significantly inhibited neoplastic cell transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells induced by chemical carcinogens (EGF, TPA) or ionizing radiation (X-rays and UVB). Moreover, compounds 1 and 4 at the non-toxic concentration of 0.1 µM possessed the highest inhibiting activity on colony formation among the investigated compounds and decreased the colonies number of SK-MEL-2 cells by 64% and 70%, respectively. Thus, triterpene glycosides 1 and 4 can be considered as prospective cancer-preventive and anticancer-compound leaders.     

氮素形态对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素蛋白复合体含量及希尔反应活性的影响

采用水培方法研究了不同氮素形态对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素、色素蛋白复合体及希尔反应活性的影响.结果表明,50%硝态氮 50%铵态氮处理时,电泳条带中31～43kD范围内的多肽组分及高分量区属于PSⅠ的多肽组分含量最高,两种氮素形态单独施用时最低;叶片的光吸收能力、叶绿素含量及叶绿体蛋白含量均在氮素形态配比相等时达到最大,两种氮素形态单独施用时最低;希尔反应活性则随着铵态氮比例降低而降低.     

河西走廊产区酒球菌酯酶活性对葡萄酒酯类香气物质的影响

试验以2株本土O. oeni GF-2、ZX-1和商业菌株VP41为供试菌株,在模拟酒中动态监测苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中菌株的C2、C4、C6酯酶活性,分析比较不同初始pH值、乙醇浓度、SO2添加量和发酵温度对菌株产酶规律的影响;通过微酿试验探讨供试菌株对霞多丽干白葡萄酒香气品质的影响。结果表明,在不同p H值条件下,本土O.oeni菌株的酯酶活性明显高于商业菌株VP41,其中ZX-1的最大酯酶活性比VP41的高出约63.42%;乙醇浓度8%时,所有供试菌株均具有最大酯酶活性,且本土O.oeni菌株具有更强的产酶能力;在不同SO2添加量影响下,2株本土O.oeni的酯酶累积活性均显著高于VP41(P0.05);18、22℃发酵温度下,GF-2的酯酶活性显著高于菌株VP41(P0.05)。供试菌株的总酯酶活性依次为ZX-1、GF-2、VP41;最佳产酶条件均为乙醇浓度12%、p H值3.6、SO2添加量30 mg/L、发酵温度22℃,其中以ZX-1的酯酶活性累计量最高(620.97m U/m L)。与商业菌株VP41相比,经本土GF-2、ZX-1菌株发酵的酒样具有更浓郁的果香和良好的余香持久性。综合分析,本土与商业O.oeni菌株均可以成功完成苹果酸-乳酸发酵,尤其是ZX-1菌株具有较强的产酯酶能力,可有效提升霞多丽干白葡萄酒中的果香和花香类化合物含量,明显增强酒体的地域风格和典型性。     

基于生物酶法的酰基化桑椹花青素的制备与特性

为尽可能减少花青素的降解,提高其稳定性,采用生物酶法,对桑椹花青素进行酰基化修饰,并与非酰基化花青素进行对比研究。运用单因素试验筛选脂肪酶、反应溶剂和酰基供体,分析对花青素酰基转化率的影响。确定酰基化反应的优化条件为南极假丝酵母脂肪酶为酰基化催化酶、吡啶为催化反应溶剂、苯甲酸甲酯为酰基供体,酰基化效果最好,转化率最大为13.5%。采用傅里叶红外、高效液相色谱对产物进行分析,经鉴定,酰基化产物为单酰基或多酰基花青素。此外,研究了酰基化对花青素稳定性和抗氧化性的影响。酰基化可提高花青素的热稳定性、光稳定性和耐酸碱稳定性。相同温度下,酰基化花青素保留率提高约5.0%,光照6d后,酰基化花青素的保留率仍高达96.1%。酰基化可以显著增加花青素体外抗氧化性,增强DPPH自由基清除能力,总还原能力比非酰基化花青素提高30%,金属离子螯合能力高达90%。酰基化花青素肿瘤细胞活性抑制率可达81%,而非酰基化花青素仅为50%。该研究为花青素稳定性提高和性能改善提供参考的理论依据。     

氮肥减量配施有机肥对苹果产量品质及土壤生物学特性的影响

为改善当前苹果园不合理施肥现状,探究适合苹果园提质增效的施肥方案,以红富士苹果为试材,设置常规施肥、优化减氮、有机肥替代25%氮肥、有机肥替代50%氮肥4个处理,其中后3个处理的总施氮量一致,为常规施肥的一半,试验连续进行两年后测定果实产量、品质、土壤微生物量碳氮以及土壤酶活性。结果表明:优化减氮处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,氮肥偏生产力是常规施肥的2倍以上;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的产量最高,比常规施肥处理增加5.4%。优化减氮处理和有机肥替代氮肥处理的果实可溶性糖和糖酸比均显著高于常规施肥;施用有机肥的处理可滴定酸显著低于施化肥处理,糖酸比相反;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的品质最佳,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比分别比常规施肥高1.8%、2.7%、16.9%。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性与土层深度及有机肥的施用有关,特别是在20～40 cm土层深度,有机肥替代氮肥处理的土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶活性均显著高于常规施肥处理,且两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。因此,在陕西省苹果园可以推荐常规施氮量减少一半的情况下用有机肥替代50%氮肥,以节省化肥、增加产量、改善品质、提升土壤质量,促进果园的可持续发展。     

磷酸氨基酸盐对Cd污染土壤的淋洗效果

为减少淋洗修复对土壤环境的影响,从12种不同磷酸氨基酸盐中筛选出了淋洗效率较高且价格低廉的最佳淋洗剂[Gly][H₂PO₄],探究了淋洗时间、淋洗剂浓度、液土比和pH对淋洗效果的影响,并对淋洗后土壤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明：当淋洗剂浓度为0.3 mol·L^-1、液土比为4、淋洗时间为60 min时,淋洗剂[Gly][H₂PO₄]对Cd的去除率最高可达55.4%。淋洗后土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、速效钾含量上升,土壤脱氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性先降低后升高。在淋洗后第28 d时,两种酶的活性与原土相比,分别升高了61.3%和37.3%。在淋洗废液中添加Ca（OH）₂,当其浓度为20 g·L^-1时,废液中Cd去除率为96.57%,达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）的排放要求（<0.1 mg·L^-1）。因此,[Gly][H₂PO₄]可作为环境友好型淋洗剂用于Cd污染土壤的修复。     

单生育期水分胁迫对温室葡萄根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

为明确单生育期水分胁迫对土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响,选取5a生'红地球'鲜食葡萄为试验材料,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,以全生育期充分供水为对照(CK),依次在葡萄5个生育期分别设置轻度(M)和重度(S)两个水分胁迫水平进行大田试验,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物的群落构成和多样性.结果表明:葡...     

土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响

采用双因素随机试验,在小麦孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期研究了土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物丰度、多样性及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)的影响。试验设4个处理,即分别在土壤干旱和正常水分下种植小麦"矮抗58"(P1)和"泛麦8号"(P2)。结果表明:与正常水分处理(种植P1和P2)相比,孕穗期,土壤干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中普通细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌的丰度显著降低了11.3%和6.9%、8.4%和8.2%;灌浆期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中丛枝菌根真菌的丰度明显下降了34.3%和21.8%;成熟期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌的丰度显著降低30.9%和8.6%、34.1%和17.3%。土壤干旱对微生物多样性无显著影响,却显著降低了孕穗期和灌浆期的碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性和灌浆期的蔗糖酶活性,提高了成熟期的蔗糖酶活性。"矮抗58"比"泛麦8号"根际微生物多样性更高,但孕穗期其蔗糖酶活性更低。干旱与品种的交互作用对微生物各类群的丰度、多样性和4种酶活性的影响均不显著。综上,土壤干旱主要抑制微生物丰度,而品种间根际微生物多样性差异明显,干旱和品种均...     

Effect of Foliar GA3 and ABA Applications on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism in Black Currants (Ribes nigrum L.) During Bud Para-dormancy and Secondary Bud Burst

The secondary bud burst can cause around 10％-20％ yield losses in black currants, an economically important crop in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. The ...