藜麦DAPB基因丰度及生物信息学分析

二氢砒啶二羧酸还原酶(DAPB)是赖氨酸合成途径中的一个重要酶,在蛋白质和细胞壁的合成中起着重要作用.本研究基于KEGG总数据库分析表明,藜麦中DAPB的基因拷贝数远高于水稻、玉米及大豆等作物.对藜麦基因组数据筛选得到4个DAPB基因成员,均属于碱性蛋白质,氨基酸序列长度约330 bp,分子量为36.623～36.88...     

烟草根系在青枯病菌侵染早期的蛋白组分析

烟草青枯病是一种由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的毁灭性土传病害.为研究烟草根系在青枯菌侵染早期的抗性机理,本研究以抗青枯病品种D101为材料,对接种青枯菌3 h后的烟苗根系进行了蛋白组学分析.结果显示,与未接种的对照比较,青枯菌侵染早期的烟草根系中存在相当比例的差异表达蛋白,但蛋白表...     

遵义烟区不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落及影响因素分析

为探究不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落结构特征及影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,在贵州省遵义地区选择海拔800（ZL）、1000（ZS）和1200m（ZH）的3块植烟土壤,采用16S rRNA高通量测序法对植烟土壤微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,ZL和ZH处理植烟土壤细菌α多样性均低于ZS处理;3个海拔下植烟土壤优势门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,放线菌门的相对丰度以ZL处理最高,较ZH处理提高了34.22%;变形菌门表现则相反,ZH处理变形菌门丰度较ZL处理显著提高。绿弯菌门与酸杆菌门丰度在3个海拔处理中表现较为一致,均为ZS>ZL>ZH。聚类热图分析结果显示,土壤含水率和pH与Armatimonadota和蓝细菌门（Gyanobacteria）存在显著正相关关系,与变形菌门存在显著负相关关系;变形菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和髌骨菌门（Patescibacteria）与土壤微生物量氮存在显著正相关关系,而与速效钾存在极显著负相关关系。     

不同改良措施对盐碱地燕麦形态生理及产量的影响

摘 要：为筛选出适宜盐碱地燕麦生长、增产增效的改良措施,试验设8个处理分别为对照(A)、腐熟秸秆还田(AF)、750 kg/hm2菌肥(B)、腐熟秸秆还田 750 kg/hm2菌肥(BF)、1500 kg/hm2菌肥(C)、腐熟秸秆还田 1500 kg/hm2菌肥(CF)、2250 kg/hm2菌肥(D)、腐熟秸秆还田 2250 kg/hm2菌肥(DF),并对盐碱地燕麦形态指标、光合特性及产量进行研究。结果表明：腐熟秸秆还田和菌肥均有利于燕麦在盐碱地生长,各时期CF处理燕麦株高、根长、根系活力、Gs、Tr、Pn、Ci和SPAD等指标较其他处理表现最好;其中CF处理的籽粒产量、鲜草产量和干草产量最高,分别达3530 kg/hm2、30910 kg/hm2和6521 kg/hm2,较其他处理分别高出31.23%~129.22%、10.47%~102.69% 和8.73%~109.10%。若不使用腐熟秸秆的情况下,菌肥最佳施入量为750 kg/hm2,综合评价,1500 kg/hm2菌肥结合腐熟秸秆还田是该地区盐碱地改良的最佳措施。     

茄子创新资源的耐热及抗青枯病评价研究

优良的种质资源是品种选育的重要基础。本研究的目的是明确茄子创新资源的抗性水平,培育适应华南地区高温和青枯病易发特点的新品种。本研究利用茄子苗期耐热快速鉴定和浸根接种青枯菌鉴定方法,对12份茄子创新自交系开展耐热性和抗青枯病鉴定。获得处理4天的细胞膜相对电导率和热害指数。发现8份紫红长茄中有3份为耐热(13009-4-4-3、3309-5-4-1-2和5-1-1-2-1)和2份中等耐热(3-1-2和10009-3-2-1);3份白茄中有1份耐热(10009-5-3-1-1)和1份中等耐热(10015-5-3-4-1);苗期接种6周鉴定筛选获得1份高抗(3309-5-4-1-2)、2份抗病(10009-3-2-1和3410-14-1-4-2)和1份中抗(3-1-2)青枯病材料。根据耐热和抗病鉴定结果共获得1份(3309-5-4-1-2)耐热高抗青枯病自交系,1份(10009-3-2-1)中等耐热抗青枯病,1份(3-1-2)耐热和抗青枯病均表现为中等水平。     

亚地块尺度秸秆信息丰度研究

不断拓展的秸秆资源应用途径丰富了亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度的研究,但界定和表达亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度尚缺乏科学规范。本文以机收小麦原茬地的秸秆信息丰度为研究对象,设计系列指标（立茬与碎秸的质量分布、碎秸堆叠层数、立茬侧影覆盖度）,分别探讨原位网格取样称草、平板匀铺图像处理、背景板图像处理、碎秸筛分、人工观察计数等手段与方法,进行原茬秸秆信息的指标化。将获取的多维秸秆信息进行归一化处理,并运用图像相似度分析法研究信息指标间的相关性。结果表明,本文提出的秸秆信息参数及测试方法增加了亚地块尺度下的秸秆信息丰度,秸秆信息图像间的相关分析也能反映出各指标间的内在联系。所得信息反映了收获机的留茬状态与碎草性能,碎秸质量集中分布在割幅中间区域。立茬质量分布受作物行间距影响,碎秸堆叠层数表达了机排草口的排草状况,立茬侧影覆盖度分布可反映收获机的留茬碾压破坏情况。秸秆信息指标间的相关分析表明,地表秸秆总质量与碎秸质量的相似度为0.89、与立茬质量相似度为0.43,碎秸质量与碎秸堆叠层数相似度为0.64,立茬质量与立茬侧影覆盖度相似度为0.48。本文界定的亚地块尺度下秸秆信息丰度及其参数化研究结果可为系统开展亚地块尺度下秸秆信息技术研发提供参考。     

县级测土配方施肥指标体系建立研究—以江苏省江都市水稻为例

以江苏省江都市水稻为例,基于地力差减法预测氮肥用量、 养分丰缺指标法预测磷钾肥用量,构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系,研究分析20052011年测土配方施肥田间试验示范。结果表明,当种植水稻预测目标产量为6825~9270 kg/hm2（平均为8145 kg/hm2）,氮肥推荐用量为146.42~57.4 kg/hm2（平均为207.5~ kg/hm2）。磷钾肥施用标准: 当有效磷含量高于21 mg/kg,不推荐施用磷肥;当有效磷含量在17~21 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量在10~17 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为 48 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量低于10 mg/kg 时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为64.5 kg/hm2。当速效钾含量高于140 mg/kg,不推荐施用钾肥;当速效钾含量在115~140 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 22.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量在60~115 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量低于60 mg/kg 时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 82.5 kg/hm2。同时对施肥指标体系建立进行校验分析,结果表明基于试验建立施肥指标体系是可行的,从而为构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系提供了方法,达到因土施肥的目的。     

Differences in common bean rhizobial populations associated with soil tillage management in southern Brazil

Progressive adoption of no-tillage (NT) agriculture in the tropics is finally reversing physical, chemical, and biological erosion of soil and in Brazil, an estimated 19 Mha are now devoted to NT. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a main component of Brazilian agriculture, and enhancement of yields has been achieved under NT as a result of mitigation of environmental stresses, resulting in higher N₂ fixation. However, the effects of NT on rhizobial diversity are poorly understood. This study evaluated rhizobial diversity in soils planted to common bean under NT or conventional tillage (CT) systems that were compared with natural grassland used for grazing, in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Genetic diversity was assessed by the amplification of the DNA by PCR with specific primers (BOX-PCR) and by RFLP-PCR analyses of the 16S rDNA region. A high level of diversity was observed among strains from all three systems, such that the similarity in the clustering analysis of BOX-PCR products ranged from 36% under natural grassland to only 23% for CT strains. High polymorphism was confirmed in the RFLP-PCR analysis; forty-seven different profiles were obtained, none sharing high similarity with the profiles of reference species of common bean rhizobia. These results indicate that other tropical rhizobial species remain to be described. Genetic diversity was higher among the NT than the CT rhizobial strains, especially when the RFLP-PCR profiles were considered. Genetic diversity in the natural grassland was lower than in the cropped systems, possibly due to absence of the host plant and stubble burning in winter. Average yields in the area under NT (e.g. common bean, approximately 1500 kg ha⁻¹) have been about 30% higher than under CT, therefore high rhizobial diversity may be a parameter indicative of superior soil quality.     

C and N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is ¹³C, and especially ¹⁵N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was ¹⁵N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and ¹³C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also ¹³C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but ¹³C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation.