Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction

Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.     

利用花培与辐照诱变培育粳型两系不育系江79S

为创制新的两系不育系,并将其应用于强优势杂交水稻品种培育,综合利用花培和诱变技术培育了粳稻两系不育系江79S。取培矮64S/粳稻H179的F₁幼穗,利用花药培养技术培育获得一个粳型光温敏不育系S79;后采用高能碳离子束处理S79干种子,在其后代中选育了一个熟期突变体GS79(江79S),其在长日照和短日照条件下始穗表现不同,分别较S79早7 d左右和迟5 d左右。观察江79S的育性转换特性,发现其在嘉兴种植时,每年9月8日左右开始出现可育花粉并开始结实;在陵水种植时,植株正常结实且结实率达80%以上。人工气候箱光温敏特性鉴定结果表明,江79S在长日照条件下育性转换温度低于23.5℃。稻米品质和抗性鉴定结果为江79S米质达农业部(现农业农村部)部颁三级优质米标准,苗叶期抗稻瘟病。对江79S进行全基因组测序,分析发现其携带源自农垦58S的光敏不育基因pms1和pms3,且含携带抗稻瘟病基因pi21、Pia、Pid3和Pita,与其高抗苗瘟的特性相一致。以江79S配制的亚种间杂交水稻品种江两优7901通过了国家主要农作物品种审定。本研究结果为综合运用花培和辐照诱变技术培育新两系不育系材料提供了研究方法。     

不同生境对人工栽培龙芽稳木的影响简报

试验研究不同生境对人工栽培龙芽木苗木存活率及生长量的影响结果表明,人工栽培龙芽木宜选择半阴坡、郁闭度为30%左右,土壤湿润不积水,疏松肥沃且透气性好,pH值为5.5~6.5的壤土环境。     

牧草的不同利用方式对果-草人工生态系统土壤理化及生物学性状的影响

采用单因素随机区组试验研究了果-草人工生态系统中牧草的不同利用方式对土壤理化及生物学性状的影响.结果表明;刈割覆盖、刈割压埋、畜肥还园3种利用方式均能较清耕提高土壤水分含量,降低土壤密度,稳恒土壤温度,提高土壤养分含量,增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤酶活性.相关性分析发现,除全P与纤维分解菌、纤维分解酶、多酚氧化酶为负相关外,其余养分与生物因子间均呈正相关,且多数养分与生物因子呈显著或极显著相关;经通径分析发现,脲酶、硅酸盐细菌、纤维分解酶是促进有机质积存的主要生物因素,蔗糖酶是影响N、P、K速效养分的最主要因子,过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维分解菌只是选择性地对有机质的积存和N、P、K速效养分的形成起作用.     

黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统水化学特征

对黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干径流、枯透水和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了检测。结果表明:大气降水经过林冠层后,其水化学特征发生了明显变化,pH和DO降低,TURB和TDS明显增加,化学元素含量均不同程度增加。树干径流除了Cu外其余各化学元素含量均明显增加。穿透水和树干径流中各元素的变异系数较大。枯透水各化学元素的变异系数低于其他水样,只有Mn元素变化较大。穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中的K、Ca淋溶量较大,Cu、Zn淋溶量较少,根据淋溶系数的大小排列穿透水的淋溶序列为Mn>K>Mg>Cu>Fe>Ca>Na>Zn,树干径流的淋溶序列为Mn>Mg>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn,而枯透水的淋溶序列为Mg>Mn>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn。     

Do artificial waterholes influence the way herbivores use the landscape? Herbivore distribution patterns around rivers and artificial surface water sources in a large African savanna park

It has been argued that the wide-scale provision of artificial surface water in semi-arid savannas may result in homogenisation of foraging regimes, compromising biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. This is the first landscape-scale study investigating to what degree artificial waterholes and natural rivers influence the distribution of large herbivores, and hence foraging patterns, in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. This is explored by examining consistencies within and differences between distribution patterns of herbivore feeding groups on different geologies. Seven years of dry season aerial census data of thirteen large herbivores were analysed in a GIS. It was found that different herbivores exhibit different distribution patterns around rivers and waterholes. It was found that most grazer species were associated with artificial waterholes, whereas browsers and mixed feeders were indifferent to waterholes and were associated with the main rivers. This has important management implications for artificial water provision in the KNP and potentially for other semi-arid African savanna conservation areas. Man-made waterholes are therefore features in the landscape that can change the distribution of herbivores, even in a landscape where natural water is available, transforming patterns of landscape use. Furthermore, it was also found that the underlying geology interacts with water distribution in shaping herbivore distributions, with artificial waterholes and rivers acting as stronger nodes of herbivore activity on nutrient-rich basaltic soils than nutrient-poor granitic soils. The results from this paper may be useful for designing surface water policies and management plans for Kruger and other savanna reserves in Africa in order to maximise biodiversity conservation.     

Artificial neural network modeling of microbial community structures in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Microbial communities vary across the landscape in forest soils, but prediction of their biomass and composition is a difficult challenge due to the large numbers of variables that influence their community structures. Here we examine the use of artificial neural network (ANN) models for extraction of patterns among soil chemical variables and microbial community structures in forest soils from three regions of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. At each location, variations in soil chemical properties and FAME profiles of microbial community structures were mapped at 20 × 20 m intervals within 10 ha parcels. Geostatistical analyses showed that spatial variability in soil physical and chemical variables could be mapped at scale distances of 20 m, but that FAME profiles representing the microbial communities were highly variable and had no spatial dependence at the same scale in most cases. RDA analysis showed that FAME signatures representing different microbial groups were positively associated with soil pH, OM, P and base cations concentrations, whereas microbial biomass was negatively associated with the same environmental factors. In contrast, ANN models revealed clear relationships between microbial community structures at each parcel location, and generated verifiable predictions of variations in FAME profiles in relation to soil pH, texture, and the relative abundances of base cations. The results suggest that ANN modeling provides a useful approach for describing the relationships between microbial community structures and soil properties in tropical forest soils that were not able to be captured using geostatistical and RDA analyses.     

黄土高原人工林对区域深层土壤水环境的影响

通过对典型黄土区 1 0m土层土壤水分的分析表明 :黄土高原土壤深层具有丰富的土壤水资源 ,3～ 1 0m土层内土壤水资源从南部的 1 0 86.8mm逐渐降低到北部的 5 2 4.1mm ,各地土壤水资源量约相当于当地多年平均降水量的 2倍。在 1 0m土壤水分剖面内 ,随土层深度的变化土壤含水量具有波动性和相对稳定性的特征。以荒坡地或低产农田为对照 ,通过对比分析发现 ,黄土高原目前主要的造林树种可利用 9～ 1 0m以下土层的土壤水资源。在黄土高原半干旱气候背景下 ,人工林植被的耗水主要使黄土区中北部地区 3～ 8m土层土壤含水量降低到长期接近或低于凋萎湿度 ,形成难以恢复的深厚土壤干层。人工林大量耗水形成的难以恢复的土壤干层是黄土高原特殊的生态水文现象 ,是目前区域人工植被生态系统不稳定性的体现。同时表明 ,黄土高原营造的人工林尚不能达到涵养水源之功能。     

盐地碱蓬人工栽培与品系选育初报

人工栽培盐地碱蓬及高产品系选育试验研究表明 ,人工栽培盐地碱蓬可提高产量 1～ 2倍 ,且碱蓬产量随土壤盐度的提高而逐渐下降。无灌水条件下采用一定矿化度的盐水过量灌溉 ,可有效提高碱蓬产量。黄河三角洲地区人工栽培碱蓬适宜采收时间为 10月 2 5日左右。选育高产变异碱蓬个体比普通单株产量提高 2～ 3倍。     

现代土壤机械耕作研究的综述

总结了国外的现代土壤机械耕作研究的成果,介绍围绕机械耕作为核心的土壤物理学研究进展,并指出今后土壤机械耕作研究所需解决的关键问题。