中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹_中华绒_省略__群体亲缘关系_RAPD指纹标记

用 4 8个具有丰富多态性的 10碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的 6个群体进行RAPD分析。结果发现 :(1)两个引物具有群体特异性带 ,其中Z2扩增的 880bp片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有 ,而 70 0bp片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有 ,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记 ;(2 )Opp17扩增的 94 7bp片段的出现频率 ,在长江、黄河和辽河群体显著地从南到北递减 ,长江蟹 87.50 %、黄河蟹4 1.66%、辽河蟹 10 .83%。这一遗传渐变的度量可作为区别这三个水系的中华绒螯蟹种群的判据 ;(3) 6水系群体内的平均遗传相似度依次为 :辽河蟹 0 .90 8>南流江蟹 0 .897>瓯江蟹和珠江蟹 0 .895>黄河蟹 0 .890 >长江蟹 0 .850 ;6群体间遗传距离及其UPGMA、NJ聚类分析进一步表明 ,南流江蟹、珠江蟹同长江蟹、辽河蟹及黄河蟹在基因组之间存在明显的歧化。 更多还原     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹(中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹)群体亲缘关系:RAPD指纹标记

用 4 8个具有丰富多态性的 10碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的 6个群体进行RAPD分析。结果发现 :(1)两个引物具有群体特异性带 ,其中Z2扩增的 880bp片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有 ,而 70 0bp片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有 ,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记 ;(2 )Opp17扩增的 94 7bp片段的出现频率 ,在长江、黄河和辽河群体显著地从南到北递减 ,长江蟹 87.50 %、黄河蟹4 1.66%、辽河蟹 10 .83%。这一遗传渐变的度量可作为区别这三个水系的中华绒螯蟹种群的判据 ;(3) 6水系群体内的平均遗传相似度依次为 :辽河蟹 0 .90 8>南流江蟹 0 .897>瓯江蟹和珠江蟹 0 .895>黄河蟹 0 .890 >长江蟹 0 .850 ;6群体间遗传距离及其UPGMA、NJ聚类分析进一步表明 ,南流江蟹、珠江蟹同长江蟹、辽河蟹及黄河蟹在基因组之间存在明显的歧化。     

Absorption of dissolved and dispersed nutrients from sea-water by Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae

This study examined the capacity of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding water. For this purpose, 48-, 81-, 124-, 160-, and 264-day-old intermoult larvae were starved for 48 h, held for 30 min to 4 h in 0.05 g L^–1 solutions or dispersions of cholesterol, peanut oil, saccharose and horseradish peroxidase in seawater, and subsequently examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. Lipids, carbohydrate, and protein were detected in either the lumen of the midgut gland tubules, the midgut gland cells, the haemolymph or in the cells of the epidermis of all larvae examined after each experimental period, with general improvement of the cell and tissue characteristics over unfed controls. The lipids were also found in the cuticle. Thus, the results provide evidence of nutrient absorption via the digestive tract, and possibly also via the integument. Structural adaptations that may be involved in the process of absorption were tentatively identified. Our observations suggest the possibility that particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be utilized by the P. japonicus phyllosoma larvae, perhaps as supplementary sources of nutrients to macroscopic diets.     

不同材料、形状和空隙的人工参礁对刺参诱集效果的试验研究

采用行为学方法,对体长2～7 cm、体质量2～30 g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)在实验室水槽中自然光照下的行为特性进行观察,分别记录了刺参在水槽中无礁（对照组）和有礁区域的分布情况,并分析了不同形状、材料及距水槽底部不同空隙的人工参礁对刺参的诱集效果.实验观察发现,刺参在水槽中有明显的爬壁现...     

Effect of dietary inclusion of various plant ingredients as an alternative for Sargassum thunbergii on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of different plant ingredients on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber. In the first experiment, three replicate groups of the sea cucumber (average weight of 1.5 ± 0.05 g) were fed one of the seven experimental diets containing Sargassum thunbergii (CON), Undaria (UND), Laminaria (LAM), Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (BRA), fermented soybean (FSB), distillers dried grain (DDG) and rice straw powder (RIC) for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the FSB diet (0.73) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the DDG diet (0.64). The lowest SGR was observed in sea cucumber fed the CON diet (0.14). Based on the result of the first experiment, the second experiment was conducted to determine the proper level of dietary DDG for growth of juvenile sea cucumber. Three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight of 1.6 ± 0.02 g) were fed one of the five experimental diets containing different levels (g kg^?1) of DDG (DDG0, DDG10, DDG20, DDG30 and DDG40) for 12 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among the treatments (P > 0.05). The best SGR was obtained in sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet (10.1) and the value of sea cucumber fed the DDG40 diet (5.6) was the lowest (P < 0.05). The SGR of sea cucumber fed the DDG10 diet did not differ from that of sea cucumber fed the DDG20 diet (P > 0.05). Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of whole body in sea cucumber among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05) did not differ significantly at both experiments. Results of two feeding trial suggest that dietary inclusion with 100 g kg^?1 FSB or 100–200 g kg^?1 DDG may improve growth of juvenile sea cucumber, and especially DDG could be used as a good ingredient for the low‐cost feed formulation.     

Dietary administration of Bacillus (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and isomaltooligosaccharide influences the intestinal microflora,immunological parameters and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp,Penaeus japonicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) in combination with prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the intestinal microflora and immunological parameters of Penaeus japonicus and its resistence against Vibrio alginolyticus. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% probiotics and prebiotic (control), 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) g^?1B. licheniformis and 0.2% IMO (T1), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T2), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. licheniformis in combination with 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T3). The results showed that the total bacterial counts significantly increased (P<0.05) and Vibrio counts significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the intestine of shrimp with supplementation of dietary synbiotics. Shrimp fed the diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) produced significantly higher immune parameters (phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and nitric oxide synthase activity and superoxide dismutase activity) than the control group (P<0.05). Significant lower cumulative mortality after challenge with V. alginolyticus was also observed in shrimp fed diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that the oral administration of probiotics (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and prebiotic IMO has positive effects on bacterial flora in P. japonicus gut, and can activate non‐specific immunity of shrimp.     

Pb2+和Cd2 对刺参幼参的急性毒性及其富集

采用静水试验法,研究了Pb2+(0.1、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L共6个浓度梯度)与Cd2+(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L共6个浓度梯度)对刺参幼参的急性毒性,并分析了其在幼参体内的富集状况。研究表明,幼参死亡率随暴露时间和Pb2+、Cd2+浓度增加总体呈升高趋势,而附壁率则反之。暴露于两组低浓度Pb2+的幼参死亡率差异不显著(P0.05),其他组死亡率均随暴露时间和Pb2+浓度增加而显著升高;最高浓度组在72 h时死亡率已达100%,在24 h时其附壁率低至6.7%,与其他浓度组差异均显著(P0.01)。暴露于Cd2+的幼参在72 h后的死亡率比48 h内明显升高,96h时0.8 mg/L浓度组的幼参死亡率即达100%;暴露于Cd2+的幼参附壁率均较低。Pb2+和Cd2+对幼参的安全浓度分别为0.061、0.018 mg/L。随着水体中Pb2+和Cd2+浓度的增加,幼参体内的重金属含量和累积速率均呈升高趋势,但富集系数呈波动性变化,幼参对Cd2+的富集系数和累积速率均高于Pb2+。结果表明,Cd2+对幼参的急性毒性作用强于Pb2+,且幼参对Cd2+的富集能力明显强于Pb2+。本研究将为阐明刺参在生态环境修复中的作用提供理论依据,并为刺参健康养殖与食用安全提供重要参考。     

刺参呼吸树抗氧化防御酶类基因在夏眠期的表达特征

以夏眠刺参呼吸树为研究材料,研究了刺参抗氧化防御酶类的基因表达特征,共获得夏眠刺参的5个基因片段序列:铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(PHGPx)、过氧化物还原酶5(PRDX5)及过氧化物还原酶6(PRDX6),完成基因序列初步分析;利用荧光定量PCR技术,以NDUFA13 (NADH dehydrogenase［ubiquinone］1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13)和 ACTB (beta actin)基因为多内参,定量分析实验各阶段刺参抗氧化防御酶类基因表达量。结果表明,刺参抗氧化酶类基因与近、远源物种同源性均较高;现场调查实验结果显示,相对5月非夏眠刺参样品,8月夏眠刺参呼吸树组织Cu/ZnSOD及PRDX5基因表达上调,CAT及PHGPx基因表达量均出现显著下降。温度诱导夏眠实验证实Cu/ZnSOD基因在实验第0天表达量显著上升至2.01倍,并一直保持较高水平;CAT基因表达在实验第0天下调,第5天时出现上调,而在第10天和40天表达量均出现显著下降;PHGPX基因表达实验期间均出现显著下调,在第40天时降到最低,为0.34倍;PRDX5基因表达在实验第0天出现显著上调至1.55倍,第5天回落后呈现上升,于第40天达到高值1.91倍;PRDX6基因表达在实验第10、20天出现显著下调。     

离子对高效液相色谱法测定日本囊对虾中喹诺酮类药物残留

采用离子对反相高效液相色谱法检测日本囊对虾中的喹诺酮类药物残留,使用Zorbax SB-C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,流动相为乙腈∶水(0.01mol/L四丁基溴化铵溶液)=8∶92,流速为1.0ml/min,荧光检测器检测,激发波长为280nm,发射波长为480nm,柱温25℃。试验结果表明,每一种药物在一定的进样量范围内均有良好的线性关系,相关系数r均大于0.9998(n=6);氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的加标回收率均在80%以上,相对标准偏差小于10%。     

Effect of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with Ce (IV) on growth,immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicas

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with cerium (Ce IV) (COS‐Ce) on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. Five isonitrogenous (18.6%) and isolipidic (1.1%) practical diets were formulated with graded level of COS‐Ce (0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1 dry feed), which were named as COS‐Ce/0, COS‐Ce/150, COS‐Ce/300, COS‐Ce/600, COS‐Ce/1200 respectively. Each diet was allocated to four replicates of sea cucumbers (Initial weight: 6.72 ± 0.02 g). Sea cucumbers were fed to apparent satiation once daily (19:00 hours) for 56 days. During the experiment, water temperature was kept at 16 ± 0.5°C, pH 7.8–8.2, dissolved oxygen beyond 5 mg L^?1, ammonia nitrogen below 0.5 mg L^?1 and salinity from 30‰ to 31‰. Results showed that the specific growth rate of sea cucumbers was significantly higher in COS‐Ce/600 than that in other four treatments. Activities of phagocytosis, respiratory burst, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in COS‐Ce/600 were significantly higher than that in COS‐Ce/0 (P < 0.05) respectively. On the contrary, cumulative mortality was the lowest in COS‐Ce/600 following 14 days exposure to Vibrio splendidus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results confirmed that dietary COS‐Ce had beneficial effects on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber.