不同酶解条件对鳀鱼蛋白水解物苦味及氨基酸组成的影响

研究了不同酶解的鱼可溶性产物苦味及呈味氨基酸组成的差异 ,以及其水解时间、水解率对苦味的影响。结果表明 ,随着酶解时间延长和水解率的提高 ,几种水解液的苦味值都有不同程度增强。胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的复合水解液表现出随水解时间的延长 ,水解率提高明显 ,苦味强度上升平缓。当水解率从4 2 %提高到 78%时 ,苦味值只提高了 2 ,水解液总的苦味分值为 3.5 ;枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解 2h后苦味分值急剧提高 ,水解 4h后苦味分值达到 6,水解液味道很苦 ,水解率从 32 %提高到 62 %时 ,苦味分值提高到了 7,水解液总的苦味值为 8.5。两种方法水解获得的可溶性产物氨基酸及必需氨基酸组成含量接近 ,但胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶复合水解的可溶性产物具有更高的氨基酸分值 ,主要鲜味氨基酸含量略高于枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解产物 ,苦味氨基酸则相反。     

Inheritance mode of microsatellite DNA markers and their use for kinship estimation in kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus

The allelic inheritance mode of microsatellite DNA markers was examined using seven copulated wild females and their offspring. Five microsatellite loci, CSPJ002 *, CSPJ010 *, CSPJ012 *, CSPJ014 *, and CSPJ015 *, were used in the study. At almost all family/locus combinations, one sire was determined and distributions of genotypes in offspring were consistent with the Mendelian segregation ratio. Distributions of genotypes were consistent with the ratio after assuming a null allele at some loci. Consequently, the alleles of CSPJ002 * and CSPJ012 * were inherited following the Mendelian inheritance mode in every family; however, the null allele was expected in CSPJ010 *, CSPJ014 *, and CSPJ015 * in some families. Thus, these loci should be used carefully in population genetic analysis, but siblings could be detected in the dendrograms based on unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPMGA).     

日本对虾活虾冬季运输技术研究

研究了日本对虾在不同运输方式、装运密度、运输时间下的运输成活率。结果表明:无水运输日本对虾密度在33.3 kg/m2时,3 h以内的运输成活率均在95%以上;无水充氧运输日本对虾密度在33.3 kg/m2时,13 h以内的运输成活率均在90%以上。     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼生长特性及合理利用

采用2002年11月~2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部区域(30°~34°N、126°E以西范围)所获取的鲐鱼(Scomberjaponicus)样品,通过观察鲐鱼耳石生长轮和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长;再依据不完全β函数渔获量方程,计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获量(Yw/R)的变化情况。结果表明,采用Walford方法拟合的鲐鱼生长方程,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.320、451.4和-1.203。比较不同时期鲐鱼的生长情况显示,20世纪60、80年代和21世纪初期鲐鱼的生长较接近,而20世纪70年代的鲐鱼生长情况与其他3个时期的鲐鱼生长相差较大。比较不同海域鲐鱼的生长情况显示,随着纬度的增加,鲐鱼的个体有增大的趋势,经分析很可能与海水温度有关。根据历史资料推算出鲐鱼的最大年龄(tλ)为9龄;根据最近的采样,推算出鲐鱼的开捕年龄和补充年龄都为0.4年,鲐鱼的自然死亡率为0.355,捕捞死亡率为2.27。利用上述参数,动态综合模型模拟的结果显示,该资源过度捕捞已很严重。若保持当前捕捞强度,则必须把开捕年龄限制在2.9龄;若能同时改变捕捞强度和开捕年龄,则可以把当前的开捕年龄限制在2.0龄,捕捞死亡率降到1.3,这样鲐鱼资源才能够得到保护与合理利用。     

Temperature conditions in the Argentine chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing ground: implications for fishery management

We describe the seasonal migrations of Argentine chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus ) into the fishing ground in relation to sea surface temperature conditions and analyse the temperature evolution during the fishing season on the basis of 1955–97 time-series. The upper temperature limit for the presence of schools was around 19°C. At higher values, most schools leave coastal waters (< 50 m) for the shelf. An inverse relationship was observed between catches per unit of effort (CPUE) of the inshore fishery and sea surface temperature. The highest standardized CPUE values corresponded to temperatures lower than 19°C. Above this temperature, the probability of obtaining a standardized CPUE higher than 1 was extremely low, and the standard deviations were minimal. The economic benefit from catches was also analysed through the different months of the fishing season. It was found that the mean benefit corresponding to temperatures lower than 19°C exceeded approximately 15 times that obtained at higher temperatures. A simple fishing strategy was proposed to the commercial fleet in order to improve the economic benefit of the catches. The migratory pattern followed by mackerel during the spawning period was also analysed in relationship to other environmental factors like food availability. Zooplankton composition, size structure and abundance in coastal and shelf waters are described, and their implications for feeding ecology of larvae and adults of the species are discussed.     

刺参血系统的超微结构观察与功能探讨

在光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜下观察刺参血系统的组织细胞结构，探讨血系统的生理功能，结果显示：(1)刺参的血系统由复杂的管网构成，排列紧密的血管上皮细胞和上皮下连续成层的基膜，构成血系统中连续而封闭的管状结构，管腔中充满血液，血系统的管网承担了血管输送血液的功能，并通过与呼吸树的连接完成血液的气体交换。(2)血管上皮细胞游离面的细胞膜、微绒毛和吞饮小泡呈酸性磷酸酶阳性反应，表明细胞具有吸收功能。血管上皮细胞内的小泡在管壁内外的物质运输中起作用。由单层细胞和基膜构成的血管壁是血液与体腔液进行物质交换的场所。(3)血管上皮细胞富含内质网、脂滴、线粒体及分泌自噬体，具有类固醇激素分泌细胞的超微结构特点，可能与刺参体内的固醇合成有关。     

养殖刺参溃疡病杀鲑气单胞菌的分离、致病性及胞外产物特性分析

从患溃疡病的养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)病灶处分离出1株优势菌H1,以浸浴、创伤浸浴、体腔注射和体壁肌肉注射等方式进行感染实验,证实菌株H1为养殖刺参溃疡病病原菌,并证明该菌通过体表创伤侵入的方式感染刺参,以创伤浸浴和体壁肌肉注射感染的LD50(半数致死量)分别为2.26×107CFU/尾和1.80×107CFU/尾。经形态学观察、生理生化特性分析和mini API系统鉴定,确定菌株H1为杀鲑气单胞菌杀日本鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida ma-soucida)。提取菌株H1的胞外产物(ECP)进行致病性实验,结果表明ECP可导致刺参死亡,其对刺参的LD50为5.24μg蛋白/g体质量。H1-ECP具有酪蛋白酶、明胶蛋白酶、几丁质酶和淀粉酶活性,并具有溶血素活性;对底物偶氮酪蛋白(Azocasin)作用的酶比活力可达到674.5活力单位/mg蛋白,最适作用温度为50℃;对热不稳定,70℃作用30 min时,酪蛋白酶活性降到0;100℃作用30 min,ECP对刺参的毒性消失;ECP酶活可被10 mmol/L EDTA完全抑制,可被5 mmol/L PMSF抑制98.8%,Ca2 和Mg2 可使酶活性分别提高约9%和4%。结论认为,该病原菌通过体表创伤侵入方式感染宿主刺参,菌株H1胞外产物是其对刺参致病的因子之一。     

刺参体内的新病原--一种球状病毒

2004年12月中下旬~2005年4月对辽宁沿海地区刺参越冬苗发病严重地区,进行了跟踪调查分析。调查结果显示,2004年刺参越冬苗发病比往年早,来势凶猛,持续时间长,流行面广,具较明显的流行病特征,病症异于往年,发病厂家达50%以上,部分地区超过80%,严重地区80%~90%;从患病参体内分离出2株优势细菌和一种新的球状病毒,经负染和超薄切片在电镜下观察,证实有大量球状病毒存于参体内。