仿刺参7个盐度相关基因在低盐胁迫下的表达模式

从仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus低盐转录组数据库中选取肌腱蛋白-R1 (TN-R1）、肌腱蛋白-R2(TN-R2)、乙酰胆碱受体亚基α-3(CHRNA3）、脂肪酸结合蛋白6(FABP6)、单羧酸转运蛋白2(SLC16A7)、纤维胶凝蛋白1 (Fcn1)、黑素转铁蛋白(Mfi2)共7个盐度调节相关基因, 利用 qRT-PCR 技术分析这7个基因在低盐胁迫下不同组织中的表达水平及表达丰度。结果表明TN-R1基因在仿刺参体腔液中表达水平最高,呼吸树次之,肠表达较低;TN-R2基因在仿刺参体腔液中表达水平最高,在肠中表达较低,呼吸树中不表达。SLC16A7、FABP6、Fcn1、CHRNA3和Mfi2均在体腔液中表达最高。Mfi2基因在体腔液中明显上调表达,在呼吸树组织和肠组织中下调表达,且与对照组均呈显著性差异。Fcn1在体腔液中的表达量在胁迫后1.5 h达到最高,为对照组的669倍,在胁迫48 h之前均呈明显上调。低盐胁迫下这7个基因表达丰度的变化,说明这些基因或作为功能基因直接参与机体的盐度适应的代谢调节,或作为调控基因调节盐度相关功能蛋白的表达和活性来提高仿刺参对低盐胁迫的耐受能力。上述结果表明仿刺参的盐度适应过程是一个需要多基因参与的应激反应信号转导网络,为仿刺参盐度调节适应机制的研究奠定基础。     

施肥和种间竞争对黄顶菊入侵土壤微生物的影响

田间条件下建立了入侵植物黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)和伴生草本植物马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、益母草(Leonurus japonicus)单独种植(以下简称单种)和混合种植(以下简称混种,比例1∶1)小区,设置施氮肥和不施氮肥处理,研究两者对黄顶菊入侵土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:黄顶菊单种小区,土壤增施氮肥黄顶菊的生物量显著升高,且促进了真菌的生长,抑制放线菌、有机磷细菌和钾细菌的生长。黄顶菊与马唐竞争生长,施肥显著抑制了放线菌、有机磷细菌和钾细菌的生长,黄顶菊的竞争攻击力系数(aggressivity,以下简称AG)小于0,在竞争中黄顶菊不占优势;不施肥时细菌、放线菌、有机磷细菌的数量与黄顶菊生物量显著正相关(P0.05),且AG0,在竞争中黄顶菊占优势。黄顶菊与益母草竞争生长,施肥与否仅有机磷细菌数量显著高于裸土,且微生物数量与黄顶菊生物量都无显著相关性(P0.05),黄顶菊的AG都小于0,在竞争中不占优势。由此,黄顶菊与马唐或益母草竞争生长,增施氮肥改变了土壤微生物数量,降低了黄顶菊的种间竞争能力,不利于实现黄顶菊的入侵。     

寄生性天敌蒲螨对几种蛀干害虫的控制作用

研究了天敌蒲螨对蛀干害虫——双条杉天牛、柏肤小蠹、日本双棘长蠹、六星黑点豹蠹蛾的寄生效果。室内结果表明,以上几种幼虫接种蒲螨后,在8h内可以导致所有幼虫死亡。室外采用淹没式释放方式,按照树胸径释放蒲螨（20 000头/cm）。释放后30d调查,对双条杉天牛幼虫、柏肤小蠹幼虫、双棘长蠹幼虫、六星黑点豹蠹蛾幼虫的校正寄生死亡率分别为84.7%、67.3%、67.8%和60.5%。     

Gastrophysa atrocyanae (Col: Chrysomelidae), an agent for biological control of the dock,Rumex japonicus (Polygonaceae) in China

Abstract

The biology and host specificity of the beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motch were studied in the laboratory in Nanchang, China. This univoltine insect completed its immature stage in 32–39 days with adult overwintering in soil. A total of 35 plant species from 21 families were tested. Both larvae and adults attacked Rumex japonicus and Rumex acetosa with R. japonicus the main host. Larvae also attacked two Polygonum species, P. hydropiper and P. perfoliatum. But the adults are not concurrent with the two Polygonum species. Though oviposition occurred on five other plant species, none of them supported larval development. Field observations showed that G. atrocyanae caused a progressive decline in natural R. japonicus populations. Thus it is recommended as a valuable biological agent for this weed.     

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Efficacy of a Fructus mume Extract Combination with Stable Chlorine in Preventing Bacterial Contamination in Frozen Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Fillets

ABSTRACT

A combination composed of Fructus mume extract and stable chlorine dioxide was investigated for its antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, and its application against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fillets. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against E. coli and S. aureus ranged from 0.9–1.2 and 1.3–1.6 mg/mL for F. mume extract and 0.004–0.006 and 0.007–0.010 mg/mL for stable chlorine dioxide, respectively. We observed a mechanism of action against E. coli that involved a pore-formation role that led to cell membrane damage. In the case of S. aureus, the mechanism of action is believed to be mediated by the combination’s activity as a metabolite disrupting agent. Here, the amount of bacteria was greatly reduced in mackerel fillets treated with the combination. Moreover, the flavor and texture properties of fillets were not significantly affected by this treatment (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that the combination has promise in being used as an additive to a broader class of foodstuffs.     

冀东冬麦区雀麦的田间识别 发生规律及其化学防除技术的初步研究

通过田间观察对冀东冬麦区雀麦的形态特征进行了系统完整的描述,修正和完善了文献记载的不足,重点突出了直观性,使农民能够在麦田里容易地识别出雀麦。通过定期田间调查,明确了雀麦在冀东冬麦区的发生规律：在冀东冬麦区雀麦属越年生杂草,绝大部分在秋季出苗,占发生总量的97%以上;雀麦分蘖力强,单株平均分蘖达10.6个。同时进行了啶磺草胺7.5%WG 3个剂量处理（135、180、360 g/hm2）对雀麦的田间防除药效试验,结果表明：啶磺草胺7.5%WG是目前防除麦田雀麦的理想除草剂,春季在雀麦7叶期前用啶磺草胺7.5%WG 135～180 g/hm2＋专用助剂225 mL/hm2,对雀麦鲜重防效达97%以上,对混发的荠菜和播娘蒿也有较好的兼治效果,并且对小麦安全。     

北海道黄杨叶片应答低温胁迫的蛋白质组分析

 采用双向电泳的蛋白质组学方法分析了北海道黄杨叶片蛋白质对低温胁迫的应答反应。北海道黄杨植株在室外种植,从2008年10月—2009年2月每月提取叶片总蛋白。在考马斯亮蓝染色的2-DE胶上发现36个表达量显著差异蛋白点,其中通过质谱鉴定出19个蛋白质,包括已知的和新鉴定的低温胁迫相关蛋白质。这些鉴定出的蛋白质涉及多个生理过程,如能量与代谢、调控、防御应答等,同时这些蛋白质的表达模式与生理生化变化模式相一致。     

多效唑对大叶黄杨、金叶女贞、紫叶小檗的抗旱性影响研究

采取盆栽控水法,研究多效唑对大叶黄杨、金叶女贞、紫叶小檗等绿篱植物抗旱性影响,以期为节水管理提供依据。结果表明:在干旱条件下,3种绿篱植物应用适宜浓度的多效唑可不同程度的增强抗旱性。单就抗旱性而言,大叶黄杨的适宜浓度范围为1.33~9.33 g/L,最佳浓度为6.67 g/L;金叶女贞和紫叶小檗适宜浓度均为1.33~4.00 g/L,最佳浓度为2.67 g/L。     

低温胁迫下北海道黄杨叶肉细胞Ca2+和Ca2+-ATPase的变化

 利用焦锑酸钙沉淀和硝酸铅沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,以室温生长的北海道黄杨植株为对照,研究了人工4 ℃低温胁迫过程中北海道黄杨（Euonymus japonicus‘Cuzhi’）叶肉细胞Ca²⁺和Ca²⁺-ATPase的动态变化。在4 ℃低温胁迫的初期（3 ~ 12 h）,北海道黄杨叶肉细胞间隙和液泡内的Ca²⁺沉淀颗粒减少,而细胞质和细胞核内的Ca²⁺水平升高,但Ca²⁺-ATPase在细胞的分布几乎没有变化,主要分布在质膜和液泡膜上,有较高的活性;低温胁迫24 h,细胞质和细胞核内增加的Ca²⁺开始回到细胞间隙和液泡中,Ca²⁺-ATPase在质膜和液泡膜上活性增强;在低温胁迫48 ~ 96 h,细胞内的Ca²⁺又回到低温胁迫前的低水平,但Ca²⁺-ATPase在质膜和液泡膜上仍有很高的活性。叶肉细胞内Ca²⁺稳态平衡和Ca²⁺-ATPase的活性变化与植物的抗寒性存在一定的相关性。