银线草化学成分研究进展

对银线草的化学成分如倍半萜类、苯丙素类、挥发油和其他类化合物等的研究进展进行综述,为合理开发利用该植物资源提供科学依据。     

Effects of diatom concentration in prepared feeds on growth and energy budget of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Eight test diets were used in the experiment: seven fresh diatom (Cylindrotheca fusiformis) diets in which diatom occupied 100%, 83.3%, 50%, 33.3%, 20%, 14.3% and 11.1% in dry matter of the feeds (marked as D100, D83, D50, D33, D20, D14 and D11), and a formulated diet (70% Sargassum thunbergii powder, 20% sea mud and 10% fish meal, based on dry weight, marked as ST). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the animals fed diets D33, D20, D14 and D11 were not significantly different from the SGR of those fed diet ST. However, the energy allocated to growth for the animals fed with diet D14 was twice that of diet ST. For sea cucumbers fed diet D14 the largest expenditure part was allocated to respiration (55.4%), but for those fed diet ST, the largest part was allocated to faeces (62.7%). The organic content of diet D14 was also much lower than that of diet ST. Frozen diatom diets containing 14% (dry matter weight) fresh diatom could be an environmentally friendly feed as an alternative option for macroalgae powder.     

Effects of dietary macroalgae meal and lipid source on growth performance and body wall fatty acid composition of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A 70‐day experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different macroalgal meals and lipid sources on growth, body wall composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Two macroalgal meals including Sargassum muticum (SM) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) and two lipid sources including fish oil (FO) and vegetable oil (VO) were formulated into four diets, i.e., S. muticum and fish oil (SF), S. muticum and vegetable oil (SV), G. lemaneiformis and fish oil (GF) and G. lemaneiformis and vegetable oil (GV). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR) of A. japonicus fed diets containing SM were significantly higher than those fed diets containing GL. No significant differences in SGR between the FO‐based and VO‐based groups were observed. Similar results were observed in the body wall lipid content. Most body wall FAs changed to resemble the dietary FA proportions because of the dietary effect. Concentrations of 20:4n‐6 of the SF and GF groups were significantly lower than the SV and GV groups, while levels of 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. The n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios of the SF and GF groups were significantly higher than the SV and GV groups. Moreover, the SF group had significantly higher 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents and n‐3/n‐6 PUFAs ratio than the GF group. These findings reveal that the SF diet can show beneficial effects on both growth performance and body wall n‐3 PUFAs content of A. japonicus.     

百脉根细胞分裂素合成酶基因LjIPT2的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

细胞分裂素在植物生长发育的许多方面行使重要功能,异戊二烯转移酶(IPT)是细胞分裂素合成的关键酶。利用生物信息学和RACE、TAIL技术从豆科模式植物百脉根中克隆到一个IPT基因,命名为LjIPT2。该基因全长为1 240 bp,含1 029 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码342个氨基酸。该序列已提交GenBank,登录号为DQ436463。LjIPT2基因的结构与拟南芥大部分细胞分裂素合成基因结构类似,其编码的蛋白与已鉴定出的IPT蛋白同源性较高。将LjIPT2插入到含有CaMV35S启动子的载体pCAMBIA1301上,构建了该基因的植物超表达载体35S:LjIPT2。该载体的构建为下一步研究百脉根LjIPT2基因的功能、探讨植物细胞分裂素的生物合成及其对植物生长发育的调控提供实验基础。     

5种微生态制剂对刺参幼参的生态安全性

研究了5种微生态制剂对刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参的生态安全性,包括耐受性、生长免疫和对养殖水体的调控。结果表明：幼参对5种微生态制剂耐受性的顺序为试剂五〉试剂一〉试剂四〉试剂三〉试剂二,其中幼参对试剂五的耐受性最大,幼参对试剂二耐受性远小于其它各组;5种微生态制剂对幼参特定生长率的影响差异不显著,但与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）,表明微生态制剂能促进刺参的生长,特定生长率为1～2%/d;5种微生态制剂均能提高幼参超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、溶菌酶（LSZ）及过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,其活性值均与对照组差异显著（除试剂一组0.5 mg/L和试剂三0.5μL/L的POD外）（P〈0.05）。对静水每24 h进行一次监测,结果表明：48 h时,DO〈4 mg/L,NO2--N含量在24 h达到最低,随后逐渐上升;各组的DO值随时间的延长逐步降低;对照组的NO2--N、NH4＋-N含量随时间的延长逐步升高。在充气条件下每隔5 d进行一次监测,结果表明：第20天时,试剂一组和试剂四组的NH4＋-N含量〉0.02 mg/L,显著高于其它组（P〈0.05）,试剂四组和对照组的NO2--N含量显著高于其它组（P〈0.05）;第20天之前,各组NO2--N、NH4＋-N含量（NH4＋-N组15 d除外）的差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。     

温度,盐度对花鲈能量收支的影响

本试验采用鱼类生物能量学的方法,对花鲈个体水平上的能量转换进行了研究。提出了不同温度、不同盐度条件下花鲈能量收支的实验方程,结果表明：盐度对大规格花钙鱼种能量收支各组分的影响大于温度;花鲈夏花鱼种和大规格鱼种分别在盐度５和１０时能获得最佳能量分配模式;温度对大规格花鲈鱼种的能量收支各组分的分配比例影响不大,在水温１５－３０℃范围内,其平均能量收支式为;１００℃＝１．７７３Ｆ＋１．１３５Ｕ＋４０．３     

我国东、黄海鲐鱼灯光围网渔业CPUE标准化研究

日本鲐是我国近海重要的中上层鱼类资源之一,评估其资源量需要对单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）进行标准化。影响CPUE标准化的因素很多,包括季节、区域和海洋环境等。本文利用广义线型模型（GLM）和广义加性模型（GAM）,结合时空、捕捞船、表温等因子,对1998-2006年东、黄海大型灯光围网渔业鲐鱼CPUE进行标准化,并评价各因子对CPUE的影响。首先应用GLM模型评价时间、空间、环境以及捕捞渔船参数对CPUE的影响,并确定显著性变量。其次,将显著性变量逐一加入GAM模型,根据Akaike信息法则（AIC）,选择最优的GAM模型。最后,利用最优的GAM模型对CPUE标准化,并定量分析时间、空间、环境以及捕捞渔船参数对鲐鱼CPUE的影响。GLM模型结果表明：8个变量对CPUE有重要影响,依次为年、船队、船队与年的交互效应、月、船队与月份的交换效应、经度、纬度和海表温。根据AIC,包含上述8个显著性变量的GAM模型为最优模型,对CPUE偏差的解释为27.78%。GAM模型结果表明：高CPUE分别出现在夏季海表温为28～31 ℃的东海中部和冬季海表温为12～16 ℃的黄海;1998-2006年,标准化后的CPUE呈逐年下降趋势,与持续增长的捕捞努力量有关。     

刺参微卫星DNA分子标记的分离及筛选

采用磁珠富集法分离刺参Apostichopus japonicus的微卫星分子标记,共获得阳性克隆123个,其中106个含微卫星DNA序列。分析结果表明:完美型有48个,占45.28%,非完美型有39个,占36.79%,复合型有19个,占17.92%;重复碱基数以双核苷酸重复最常见,占84.91%,双核苷酸中又以CA/GT重复所占比例最大;在重复次数方面,以重复数为3~10次、11~18次和≥35次最为常见,各占39.62%、26.42%和16.98%,重复数达100次以上的有5个,最多的达到148次,有28个微卫星序列微卫星含量丰富。筛选的22对引物中,可产生出扩增产物的有17对,其中16对引物的产物带在预测区域内出现;有7对引物在中国、俄罗斯刺参模板中表现出多态性。文中还对刺参微卫星的特点进行分析,对刺参微卫星引物的PCR筛选结果进行了探讨。     

不同海藻饲料对刺参幼参生长的影响

为了研究海藻饲料对刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参生长效果的影响,在水温(18±1)℃下,将体质量(1.25±0.02)g的幼参饲养在容积为25 L的塑料水槽中,每槽6头,投喂采用孔石莼Ulva pertusa、角叉菜Chondrus ocellatus、裙带菜Undaria pinnatifida干粉及其混合干粉、鲜孔石莼、鲜角叉菜、鲜裙带菜及其混合磨碎液与25%海泥制成的8种饲料,共饲养60 d,试验结束时测定幼参的生长情况和水体中的氨氮含量。结果表明:投喂不同海藻饲料的幼参存活率均在80%以上,组间无显著性差异(P0.05);投喂鲜孔石莼饲料的幼参体质量增长最快,特定生长率为(1.38±0.13)%/d,显著高于其他组(P0.05);投喂鲜孔石莼饲料的幼参饲料转化率显著高于其他组(P0.05),而其他组间无显著性差异(P0.05),此组的摄食率和排粪率均为最高,且与其他组有显著性差异(P0.05);鲜孔石莼组水体的平均氨氮含量最低,为(0.005±0.003)mg/L,孔石莼干粉组最高,为(0.021±0.016)mg/L,两者有显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,投喂鲜孔石莼时幼参的生长效果最好,对水体的氨氮含量影响较小,在刺参幼参培育中添加鲜孔石莼效果较好。     

仿刺参体腔细胞原代培养方法初探

以仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus体腔细胞为材料,分别用体腔液和MEM、L-15两种培养基进行原代培养,初步探讨了仿刺参体腔细胞培养的基本条件。结果表明：在18℃下封闭培养,体腔细胞在体腔液中直接培养能够贴壁、伸展,细胞呈球形和上皮样,但凝集现象严重;在合成培养基（MEM、L-15）中,体腔细胞凝集明显减少;与MEM培养基相比,体腔细胞在L-15培养基中贴壁时间长,伸展状态好,上皮样细胞较多,可培养至72h;培养基中血清的添加量与细胞的培养状态和可培养时间关系不明显。