沉香优树嫁接成活率研究

为促进沉香无性繁殖进程,以沉香成年优树萌条为接穗,2年生土沉香实生苗为砧木进行嫁接试验。结果表明:不同优树穗条嫁接成活率呈极显著差异。接穗直径与嫁接成活率密切相关,选择直径在0.6~0.8 cm的接穗,嫁接成活率可达80%以上。接穗和砧木直径差值也影响嫁接成活率,差值在(0±0.09)cm时,嫁接成活率最高为84.9%,而差值大于0.4 cm时,成活率下降到50%以下。砧木接口直径在0.4~1.0 cm时,对嫁接成活率影响不大。     

Evaluation of Rubber Tree Crown Clones for Yield and Magnesium Use Efficiency in a Xanthic Ferralsol

The cultivation of rubber trees in the humid tropical Amazon region is only possible with the use of crown grafts with species of Hevea sp. that are resistant to South American leaf blight – (SALB) [Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.) v. Arx.]. However, it has been observed that plants with grafted crowns are not efficient in remobilizing magnesium from the crown to the latex. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replicates. Five crown clones were studied (CPAA C 01, CPAA C 06, CPAA C 18, CPAA C 45, and CBA 2) with two magnesium (Mg) levels [source: magnesium sulfate(MgSO₄): low-Mg (150 g plant^?1 of MgSO₄ × 7H₂O] and high-Mg (450 g plant^?1 of MgSO₄ × 7H₂O). The panel clone used for tapping was CNS AM 7905 (Hevea brasiliensis). The results showed that the Mg levels influenced the crown clones differently in relation to yield, efficiency index and leaf and soil Mg concentration. Clone CPAA C 01 with a high-Mg produced over 2.0 t ha^?1 of dry rubber. Clones CPAA C 01 and CPAA C 45 were the most efficient, while clone CPAA C 06 showed moderate efficiency and clones CPAA C 18 and CBA 2 were inefficient in using Mg. The Mg concentration in the latex was not influenced by the two Mg levels, with the only differences being between the crown clones.     

养殖欧洲鳗鲡不同体位及其养殖水体中的菌群组成研究

为探明养殖欧洲鳗鲡不同体位及其养殖水体中可培养菌群的组成结构,本研究利用16S rDNA序列分析法对从精养池鳗鲡的鳃部、肠道和表皮及其养殖水体中分离得到的可培养细菌进行了分子鉴定并构建了系统发育树。研究结果显示,鳃部、肠道、表皮和水体的菌密度分别为1.6×10^6 cfu/g、2.2×10^7 cfu/g、1.4×10^4cfu/cm2和4.5×10^3 cfu/mL;分离菌株分别属于γ-变形菌纲的肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属、栖水菌属,β-变形菌纲的食酸菌属,芽孢杆菌纲的葡萄球菌属、气球菌属,黄杆菌纲的金黄杆菌属和放线菌纲的微球菌属等5大类8个菌属。其中,微球菌属、肠杆菌属和栖水菌属分布最广,各样品中均有检出;而气球菌属和食酸菌属仅在鳃部分布。各生态位中,鳃部菌群最为多样,含有葡萄球菌属之外的7个属;而水体菌群种类最少,只有4个属。此外,菌群组成含量的分析结果表明,鳗鲡鳃部以金黄杆菌属（28.3%）和肠杆菌属（26.1%）居多;而肠道、表皮和养殖水体都以微球菌属占绝对优势,分别为43.6%、53.5%和74.8%。     

玉米种质对腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病抗性鉴定与评价

【目的】 系统评价新疆玉米种质资源对玉米茎腐病优势病原菌的抗性水平,为玉米抗茎腐病遗传育种及防治提供科学依据。【方法】 采用田间人工土壤埋接法,对62份玉米种质资源进行抗肿囊腐霉(P. inflatum)茎腐病水平鉴定,鉴定及评价100份玉米种质资源的抗镰孢茎腐病水平。【结果】 62份种质资源抗肿囊腐霉(P. inflatum)茎腐病达到高抗(HR)7份,占比11.29%,抗(R)、中抗(MR)、感(S)、高感(MS)材料分别为5份、18份、5份和27份,依次占比8%、29%、8%和24%。100份种质资源抗镰孢茎腐病鉴定与评价则筛选出高抗(HR)、抗(R)、中抗(MR)、感(S)、高感(MS)材料分别为14份、16份、37份、15份和18份。病株率与株高、穗长、穗粗呈极显著负相关,高杆穗粗的玉米品种具有良好的抗病基础。而干穗重、粒重、百粒重与病株率呈显著或极显著负相关,病株率对产量指标具有极大的影响。21KBL054抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期受影响程度较小,分别推迟2、2和4 d,21KBL096受影响程度严重,抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期则分别推迟13、12和8 d。21KBL058病株平均株高(224.80cm)、穗位(83.09 cm)较对照相比分别增长(22.15%、51.76%),而处于同一抗性水平的21KBL045病株平均株高、穗位为186.50和72.64 cm,较对照相比增幅仅为(-0.40%、3.04%)受影响程度较小。【结论】 筛选出21KBL096、21KBL030、21KBL033等优异抗病性且田间性状稳定的抗病品种。     

林地土壤对沙棘人工更新的影响

黄土高原地区沙棘林地土壤的含磷量,对沙棘人工更新后代的生长有重大影响,高的土壤含磷量和低的pH值,对沙棘生长有促进作用;沙棘幼苗的生长与林地上沙棘林的年龄关系不大。因此在黄土高原地区培育沙棘人工林应重视施用磷肥。     

鲁梅克斯k-1杂交酸模及几种野生酸模的遗传多态性分析

利用RAPD技术对鲁梅克斯k-1杂交酸模的3个连续繁育世代和几种野生酸模进行遗传多态性分析。鲁梅克斯k-1杂交酸模的3个连续世代之间不存在多态性位点差异，3个世代是稳定遗传的；不同种和采自不同地点的同一个野生种之间存在着多态性位点差异。实验表现在合格种的12个单株间具有明显的遗传多态性，采用混合取样可消除品种内的个体遗传差异性，较好地代表群体遗传特征。从OPA组选出7个能扩增出清晰且稳定带谱的引物，7个引物共检测出45个位点，DNA片段的大小在300-2500bp之间。     

Comparative analysis of physiological characteristics and yield components in sugarcane cultivars

Sugarcane in an important crop due to the economic value of its products. Physiological characteristics and yield components of sugarcane were studied in three field-grown sugarcane cultivars B 63118, POJ 2878 and Ja 60-5. Three growth stages were identified: formative phase (until 140 DAP), grand growth (140–300 DAP) and maturity (after 300 DAP). Results indicated that cultivars showed contrasting yield mainly after 300 DAP. At ripening, the most productive cultivar (Ja 60-5) achieved higher leaf area, an optimum leaf area index for light interception, a high and stable net assimilation rate and an elevated leaf area and biomass duration. In addition, this cultivar showed the higher density and lower area of leaf sieve elements as compared with other, which could influence the high translocation rate (1.85 cm min⁻¹) at 8 MAP. The higher efficiency of this process in Ja 60-5 might also be supported by a higher (15–25%) apparent free space of stem parenchyma as compared with POJ 2878 and B 63118. Our results suggest that Ja 60-5 reduced carbon partitioned to foliar respiration which led to a higher partitioning of sucrose to stems evidenced by a higher Pol%.     

Effects of heat tolerance on expression of resistance toPresudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith in potato

Summary Twelve potato clones with different genetic background for resistance to bacterial wilt and adaptation were tested for resistance to a race 1 and a race 3 isolate of the pathogen at three locations in the Philippines representing different ranges of ambient temperature. The results showed that the genes for heat tolerance are crucial for resistance. Stability analysis indicated that clones with both resistance and heat tolerance genes displayed higher and more stable resistance to the race 1 isolate than those clones having only resistance genes. The latter group tended to have higher values of both regression of disease index on environmental index and deviation from the regression in the stability analysis. Host — pathogen interaction effects were found to be statistically significant but small compared to main effects of isolates and clones. The involvement of genes with different effects on wilt resistance is discussed. Introduction     

Effects of contamination byErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. carotovora subsp.atroseptica of potato seed tubers and of cultivar resistance on blanking or nonemergence and blackleg development in Valencia,Spain

Summary High grade potato seed tubers of three cultivars were inoculated in Scotland by vacuum infiltration in suspensions ofErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora and subsp.atroseptica in different combinations, and transported to Valencia, Spain. They were cut into two to three pieces and planted in January 1984, 1985 and 1986 in fields furrow irrigated before and after emergence. High incidences of blanking and blackleg were associated with seed inoculated with high numbers ofE.c. atroseptica alone or together withE.c. carotovora and not with high or low numbers ofE.c. carotovora alone.E.c. atroseptica predominated at emergence in March in rotting seed pieces which failed to produce a plant, regardless of the seed treatment, and in diseased stems in April but it was replaced byE.c. carotovora in May. The levels of blanking and blackleg after inoculating 16 cultivars with both erwinias were not correlated between years nor were they significantly different within years among most of the cultivars.     

A participatory farming system approach for sustainable broomrape (Orobanche spp.) management in the Near East and North Africa

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are aggressive and damaging parasitic weeds which have a tremendous impact on agriculture in East Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Despite the availability of technologies to control broomrapes in economically important crops, Orobanche infestation continues to increase, threatening the livelihoods of millions of farmers. Many of the technologies developed have not been effectively disseminated and there has been little or zero adoption by farmers—who continue to use ineffective management practices that exacerbate the problem. The adaptation and dissemination of appropriate management practices are major priorities in broomrape control. However, such work must take into consideration the specific socio-economic characteristics of individual farming systems. Orobanche is a community threat and effective management requires a community-based integrated management approach. Recognizing the central role of farmers in parasitic weed management, a technical cooperation project (TCP) involving FAO, ICARDA and seven countries in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region was implemented to improve the dissemination of knowledge and skills by using a farmer field school approach: a form of education that uses experiential learning methods to build farmers’ expertise. This paper reviews conventional Orobanche research and development approaches, and highlights weaknesses in the management of the parasitic weed using these approaches as opposed to participatory approaches. The benefits and challenges of participatory farming system approaches in relation to integrated broomrape management (IBM) are also discussed. Lessons learned from achieving community ownership of, and institutional support for, IBM could be applied to other sectors (e.g. public health) in which there is a need for institutional learning and reform. Recommendations are made that include regional collaboration within the framework of a proposed Near East and North Africa Orobanche Management Network (NENAOMAN).